10 Questions
What is the function of the synergid cells in the embryo sac?
To provide a pathway for pollen tube growth
Which part of the flower is responsible for producing pollen?
Stamen
What is the term for the process by which two sperm cells fuse with the egg and central cell of the embryo sac?
Double fertilization
What is the main function of the root cap?
To protect the apical meristem
What is the difference between a monocot and a eudicot?
Monocots have leaves with parallel veins, while eudicots have leaves with branched veins
What is the term for the process by which a stem grows in length?
Primary growth
What is the function of the pericycle?
To produce new roots
What is the term for the dead, outer layer of the bark?
Periderm
What is the term for a stem that grows underground and produces new plants?
Rhizome
What is the term for the main vein of a leaf?
Midrib
Study Notes
Reproductive Structures
- Embryo sac (female gametophyte) consists of synergids, antipodal cells, polar nuclei, and an egg cell
- Synergids are involved in fertilization, while antipodal cells are variable in number and function
- Polar nuclei fuse to form a diploid central cell, which later becomes the endosperm
- Double fertilization occurs when one sperm fertilizes the egg, and the other sperm fertilizes the central cell
Flower Parts
- Petals: colorful, attractive structures that protect the reproductive organs
- Sepals: green, leaf-like structures that protect the flower bud
- Receptacle: the base of the flower that supports the other parts
- Stamen: composed of an anther (produces pollen) and a filament (supports the anther)
- Carpel: consists of stigma (receives pollen), style (connects stigma to ovary), and ovary (contains ovules)
Fruit
- Exocarp: outermost layer of the fruit
- Mesocarp: middle layer of the fruit
- Endocarp: innermost layer of the fruit
- Fruit types: simple, accessory, aggregate, and multiple
Seedlings
- Monocot vs. dicot: differences in cotyledon number, leaf structure, and root system
- Cotyledon: the first leaf that emerges from the seed
Root System
- Primary root: the first root that emerges from the seed
- Taproot: a main root that grows straight down
- Fibrous root: a system of branching roots
- Root hairs: increase the surface area for absorption
- Epidermis: the outermost layer of the root
- Root zones: root cap, zone of cell division, zone of elongation, and zone of differentiation
- Root types: prop roots, pneumatophores, strangling aerial roots, buttress roots, and storage roots
Shoot System
- Stem: composed of nodes, internodes, apical bud, and axillary buds
- Vascular bundle: a group of xylem and phloem tissues
- Cortex: the outer layer of the stem
- Pith: the inner layer of the stem
- Vascular cambium: produces secondary xylem and phloem tissues
- Cork cambium: produces cork tissue
- Wood (secondary xylem) and bark (secondary phloem + periderm) are produced by the vascular cambium
Stem Modifications
- Stolons: stems that produce new plants at the tips
- Tubers: swollen stems that store food
- Rhizome: a horizontal underground stem
- Bulbs: underground stems that store food
- Thorns: modified stems that defend the plant
Leaf Structure
- Blade: the flat part of the leaf
- Petiole: the stalk that attaches the leaf to the stem
- Veins: composed of xylem and phloem tissues
- Parallel veins: found in monocots
- Branched veins: found in dicots
- Cuticle: a waxy layer that prevents water loss
- Stomata: openings for gas exchange
- Guard cells: control the opening and closing of stomata
- Palisade and spongy mesophyll: layers of cells involved in photosynthesis
Leaf Modifications
- Spines: modified leaves that defend the plant
- Tendrils: modified leaves that climb
- Storage leaves: modified leaves that store food
- Reproductive leaves: modified leaves that produce new plants
Plant Tissues
- Dermal tissue: epidermis, cuticle, periderm, and trichomes
- Vascular tissue: xylem and phloem
- Ground tissue: pith, cortex, and other tissues
Plant Growth
- Determinate growth: limited growth, reaches a fixed size
- Indeterminate growth: unlimited growth, continues to grow
- Primary growth: growth in length, produced by apical meristem
- Secondary growth: growth in width, produced by vascular cambium and cork cambium
- Early wood and late wood: produced by the vascular cambium
- Annual rings: growth rings produced by the vascular cambium
- Heartwood and sapwood: areas of the stem with different functions
- Meristem: a region of undifferentiated cells that can differentiate into different tissues
Prepare for your botany final exam by reviewing these key topics, including the embryo sac, flower parts, and types of fruits. Covering synergid cells, antipodal cells, and more, this quiz is essential for acing your exam.
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