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Questions and Answers
What is the name given to the underground stem of a fern?
What is the name given to the underground stem of a fern?
What is a pinna?
What is a pinna?
What is the term used to describe the stalk of the frond?
What is the term used to describe the stalk of the frond?
What is the name given to the uncurling frond of a fern?
What is the name given to the uncurling frond of a fern?
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What is the primary function of the rachis?
What is the primary function of the rachis?
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What is the term used to describe the leafy part of the frond?
What is the term used to describe the leafy part of the frond?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of the roots of a fern?
Which of the following is a characteristic of the roots of a fern?
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What is the term for the brownish scales that cover the rhizome?
What is the term for the brownish scales that cover the rhizome?
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Which of these is NOT a method of vegetative reproduction in Dryopteris repens?
Which of these is NOT a method of vegetative reproduction in Dryopteris repens?
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What is the type of spores produced by Dryopteris?
What is the type of spores produced by Dryopteris?
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Where are the sporangia of Dryopteris located?
Where are the sporangia of Dryopteris located?
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What is the function of the annulus in the sporangium?
What is the function of the annulus in the sporangium?
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What happens to the indusium as the spores mature?
What happens to the indusium as the spores mature?
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What is the ploidy level of the new sporophyte that develops from the gametophyte in apogamy?
What is the ploidy level of the new sporophyte that develops from the gametophyte in apogamy?
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What is the shape of the mature gametophyte (prothallus) of Dryopteris?
What is the shape of the mature gametophyte (prothallus) of Dryopteris?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the prothallus?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the prothallus?
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What does the term 'pteridophyte' refer to?
What does the term 'pteridophyte' refer to?
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Which characteristic is NOT true about pteridophytes?
Which characteristic is NOT true about pteridophytes?
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Which type of leaves do some pteridophytes, like Lycopodium, have?
Which type of leaves do some pteridophytes, like Lycopodium, have?
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What structure forms as a result of spore germination in pteridophytes?
What structure forms as a result of spore germination in pteridophytes?
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Which of the following statements about the reproductive organs of pteridophytes is correct?
Which of the following statements about the reproductive organs of pteridophytes is correct?
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What is formed when the antheridium absorbs water and swells?
What is formed when the antheridium absorbs water and swells?
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Which part of the archegonium contains the egg?
Which part of the archegonium contains the egg?
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What substance is secreted from the mouth of the archegonium to attract antherozoids?
What substance is secreted from the mouth of the archegonium to attract antherozoids?
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What is the initial structure formed from the diploid zygote?
What is the initial structure formed from the diploid zygote?
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In the alternation of generations, which phase is diploid?
In the alternation of generations, which phase is diploid?
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What part of the embryo develops into the root?
What part of the embryo develops into the root?
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How do pteridophytes contribute to the soil ecosystem?
How do pteridophytes contribute to the soil ecosystem?
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What type of gametes are the antherozoids considered?
What type of gametes are the antherozoids considered?
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Which pteridophyte is used as a biofertilizer due to its symbiotic relationship?
Which pteridophyte is used as a biofertilizer due to its symbiotic relationship?
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Which of the following is primarily used for polishing metals?
Which of the following is primarily used for polishing metals?
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What is the primary use of leaves from Pteridium?
What is the primary use of leaves from Pteridium?
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Which fern is commonly known as the florist's fern due to its resilience in arrangements?
Which fern is commonly known as the florist's fern due to its resilience in arrangements?
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Which of the following is NOT considered a benefit of certain pteridophytes?
Which of the following is NOT considered a benefit of certain pteridophytes?
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Study Notes
Pteridophytes Overview
- Pteridophytes are vascular plants
- They are the first terrestrial vascular plants
- Pteridophytes are derived from two Greek words: pteron (meaning feather) and phyton (meaning plant)
- They have feather-like leaves
- They occupy a transitional position between bryophytes and spermatophytes
- They do not produce flowers or seeds (cryptogams)
- They are vascular cryptogams
- They have vascular tissues (xylem and phloem)
- They mostly grow in moist, shady places
- The main plant body is sporophytic and differentiates into roots, stem and leaves
Characteristics of Pteridophytes
- They are known as vascular cryptogams
- They have vascular tissues except xylem vessels and companion cells
- Some have small leaves (microphylls) exemplified by Lycopodium
- Others have large leaves (megaphylls) such as Pteris
- Plants (sporophyte) reproduce by spores formed in sporangia
- Sporangia develop on the ventral side of leaves or in the axils of leaves
- Such leaves are called sporophylls
- Spores can be homosporous or heterosporous
Reproduction in Pteridophytes
- Sporophylls sometimes form compact structures called cones or strobili
- Spores germinate to produce a multi-cellular, gametophytic, chlorophyllous body called prothallus
- Prothallus is a thalloid structure
- Multicellular, jacketed sex organs are present
- Male sex organs are called antheridia
- Female sex organs are called archegonia
- Water is essential for fertilization as male reproductive units (antherozoids) are motile
- An embryo develops in situ after fertilization
- The sporophyte remains attached to the gametophyte until the root develops
- Plants show clear alternation of generations (sporophyte and gametophyte are independent of each other)
Economic Importance of Pteridophytes
- Food (ex: Marsilea)
- Soil binding
- Scouring (ex: Equisetum)
- Nitrogen fixation (ex: Azolla)
- Medicines (ex: roots of Dryopteris)
- Ornamentals
- Handicrafts
- Dye (ex: leaves of Pteridium)
- Dry industrial lubricant (ex: club mosses)
- Noxious weeds (ex: Salvinia, Pteridium)
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Description
Test your knowledge on the anatomy and reproductive methods of ferns, particularly Dryopteris. This quiz covers key terms such as pinna, rachis, and the various functions of fern structures. Perfect for students of botany and plant biology.
