Questions and Answers
What type of social organizations did the Chichimecas of Mexico and the Pampas of Argentina have?
simple
What does 'senhor de engenho' mean?
lord of a mill
What is the definition of 'state' in political analysis?
a collective name for the institutions of government power
What does 'transculturation' refer to?
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Study Notes
Encomienda System
- An institution where indigenous people were assigned to a Spanish conqueror, expected to pay labor and tribute.
- In return, the conqueror was responsible for instructing them in Christianity.
Indigenous Peoples of Brazil
- Tupi: Semi-sedentary forest dwellers organized by tribes and gender roles, without strict social classes.
Influential Historical Figures
- Pedro Alvarez Cabral: Portuguese commander who discovered Brazil, initially naming it "Island of the True Cross."
- Francisco Pizarro: Conquistador who defeated the Inca Empire with the help of indigenous allies.
- Sor Juana de la Cruz: Mexican nun, denied university access; critiqued for pursuing knowledge in science and mathematics.
Social Constructs and Movements
- Honor in Latin America: Defined by adherence to prescribed roles for men and women, reflecting societal expectations.
- Rebellion of Gonzalo Pizarro: A revolt against the New Laws of Peru, led to the execution of its leader.
- Quilombos and Palenques: Sanctuaries for escaped slaves in Brazil and the Spanish Caribbean, respectively.
Major Independence Leaders
- Tupac Amaru II: Mestizo leader claiming Inca descent, instigated rebellion against the peninsular elite in Peru.
- Miguel Hidalgo: Mexican independence leader executed after inspiring an uprising against Spanish rule.
- Jose Maria Morelos: Aimed to abolish slavery and the caste system, executed in 1815.
Political Structures and Class
- Creoles: Native-born whites who played a prominent role in independence movements.
- Peninsulars: Spaniards born in the Iberian Peninsula, often held higher social status than Creoles.
Nationalism and Political Movements
- Nativism: Political ideology prioritizing native-born citizens over immigrants, fostering early nationalism amid independence wars.
- Pedro I: Declared Brazil an independent constitutional monarchy, symbolizing Brazilian nationalism.
- Augustin de Iturbide: Declared Mexico a constitutional monarchy, balancing traditional privileges.
Key Military Figures
- Simon Bolivar: Known as "the Liberator," he unified efforts for independence across several South American countries.
- Jose Antonia Paez: Venezuelan general who played a significant role in securing independence and later became president.
Social Hierarchies and Conflict
- Caste System: A legally codified social structure based on race that affected rights and privileges in colonial Latin America.
- Caudillos: Strong political leaders with personal loyalties; notably dominant during the 19th century, especially in Spanish America.
Economic Systems and Policies
- Engenho: Portuguese sugar cane mills that defined the economy of colonial Brazil.
- Royal Fifth: A 20% tax imposed on mining revenues by the Spanish Crown.
Cultural and Social Movements
- Indigenismo: A movement celebrating indigenous heritage while promoting assimilation into national identity.
- Transculturation: The merging of European, African, and indigenous cultures, creating unique Latin American identities.
Political Structures and Governance
- Viceroyalty: Largest administrative division in Spanish/Portuguese America, governed by a viceroy representing the monarchy.
- Estado Novo: Authoritarian regime in Brazil under Getulio Vargas, emphasizing industrialization and expansion of government.
Historical Context of Wars and Rebellions
- Ten Years War: A conflict leading to Cuba's independence from Spain.
- Dirty War: A campaign against left-wing opposition in Argentina during the 1970s.
Key Concepts in Governance and Society
- Liberalism: Political ideology promoting civil liberties and economic freedoms, influenced by European models.
- Hegemony: A concept where a ruling class maintains dominance through ideological control rather than force.
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Description
Test your knowledge with these flashcards covering the first five chapters of 'Born in Blood and Fire'. This quiz will help you learn key terms and concepts related to the Spanish conquest and indigenous peoples of Latin America. Enhance your understanding of historical contexts and vocabulary used in the book.