Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is a major characteristic of borderline personality disorder?
What is a major characteristic of borderline personality disorder?
- Instability of interpersonal relationships (correct)
- Excessive emotionality and attention seeking
- Consistent self-image
- Overreacting to only major life events
Which of the following symptoms is most associated with borderline personality disorder?
Which of the following symptoms is most associated with borderline personality disorder?
- Incessant need for attention
- Craving for excitement
- Self-dramatization
- Fear of abandonment (correct)
Approximately what percentage of borderline personality disorder patients are female?
Approximately what percentage of borderline personality disorder patients are female?
- 90%
- 30%
- 75% (correct)
- 50%
Which psychological disorder is characterized by self-image issues and emotional instability?
Which psychological disorder is characterized by self-image issues and emotional instability?
What type of abuse is reported among 40-71% of borderline personality disorder inpatients?
What type of abuse is reported among 40-71% of borderline personality disorder inpatients?
What does 'splitting' refer to in the context of borderline personality disorder?
What does 'splitting' refer to in the context of borderline personality disorder?
Which cluster of personality disorders includes borderline and histrionic types?
Which cluster of personality disorders includes borderline and histrionic types?
How is the attention-seeking behavior of someone with histrionic personality disorder typically described?
How is the attention-seeking behavior of someone with histrionic personality disorder typically described?
Which personality disorder shows an increase in prevalence in the United States over the past 30 years?
Which personality disorder shows an increase in prevalence in the United States over the past 30 years?
What is the prevalence of Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) in the United States?
What is the prevalence of Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) in the United States?
What is a significant limitation when comparing personality disorder prevalence across cultures?
What is a significant limitation when comparing personality disorder prevalence across cultures?
According to Krueger and Hobbs, what aspect of the DSM-5 alternative model is still being debated?
According to Krueger and Hobbs, what aspect of the DSM-5 alternative model is still being debated?
What percentage of adults in the US are reported to have at least one personality disorder?
What percentage of adults in the US are reported to have at least one personality disorder?
What factor could impact the inter-rater reliability of personality disorder diagnoses?
What factor could impact the inter-rater reliability of personality disorder diagnoses?
Which country shows a notably lower prevalence of Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) compared to the United States?
Which country shows a notably lower prevalence of Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) compared to the United States?
Which of the following is NOT a significant clinical correlate associated with personality disorders?
Which of the following is NOT a significant clinical correlate associated with personality disorders?
What was the global prevalence of personality disorders (PDs) found in the systematic review and meta-analysis conducted in 2020?
What was the global prevalence of personality disorders (PDs) found in the systematic review and meta-analysis conducted in 2020?
Which clusters of personality disorders are less common in low-income countries?
Which clusters of personality disorders are less common in low-income countries?
Which cultural value is suggested to potentially protect against certain personality disorders according to the content provided?
Which cultural value is suggested to potentially protect against certain personality disorders according to the content provided?
In the context of the research, what is identified as a source of distress related to personality disorders?
In the context of the research, what is identified as a source of distress related to personality disorders?
According to Winsper et al. (2020), which countries showed a higher prevalence of personality disorders?
According to Winsper et al. (2020), which countries showed a higher prevalence of personality disorders?
What does the term 'niche seeking' refer to in the context of personality disorders and cultural values?
What does the term 'niche seeking' refer to in the context of personality disorders and cultural values?
What did the study by Caldwell-Harris & Aycicegi (2006) explore regarding personality disorders?
What did the study by Caldwell-Harris & Aycicegi (2006) explore regarding personality disorders?
What do personality disorders primarily reflect?
What do personality disorders primarily reflect?
How do cultural values play a role in the understanding of personality disorders?
How do cultural values play a role in the understanding of personality disorders?
What is one effect of cultural conflicts on individuals, according to the research?
What is one effect of cultural conflicts on individuals, according to the research?
Which of the following best describes allocentrics in an individualistic culture?
Which of the following best describes allocentrics in an individualistic culture?
What is meant by idiocentrics in a collectivist culture?
What is meant by idiocentrics in a collectivist culture?
Which term refers to how personality disorders relate to cultural expectations?
Which term refers to how personality disorders relate to cultural expectations?
What aspect of personality disorders does the phrasing 'is perceived to behave by others' emphasize?
What aspect of personality disorders does the phrasing 'is perceived to behave by others' emphasize?
How do culture-specific traits influence personality disorders?
How do culture-specific traits influence personality disorders?
What is a primary characteristic of personality disorders as defined in the DSM-5?
What is a primary characteristic of personality disorders as defined in the DSM-5?
Which of the following statements reflects a challenge of the categorical model of personality disorders?
Which of the following statements reflects a challenge of the categorical model of personality disorders?
What notable change was made regarding personality disorders from DSM-IV to DSM-5?
What notable change was made regarding personality disorders from DSM-IV to DSM-5?
Which cluster includes personality disorders characterized by being odd or eccentric?
Which cluster includes personality disorders characterized by being odd or eccentric?
How does antisocial personality disorder primarily manifest?
How does antisocial personality disorder primarily manifest?
What is a resulting issue from poor inter-rater reliability regarding personality disorder diagnoses?
What is a resulting issue from poor inter-rater reliability regarding personality disorder diagnoses?
What strategy was ultimately retained by the American Psychiatric Association regarding personality disorder classification?
What strategy was ultimately retained by the American Psychiatric Association regarding personality disorder classification?
Which personality disorder is characterized by acute discomfort in close relationships and eccentricities?
Which personality disorder is characterized by acute discomfort in close relationships and eccentricities?
How is a personality disorder defined in terms of its onset?
How is a personality disorder defined in terms of its onset?
What is the term used to describe the common diagnosis when a personality disorder does not fit other specific criteria?
What is the term used to describe the common diagnosis when a personality disorder does not fit other specific criteria?
Which of the following issues is NOT associated with the categorical model of personality disorders?
Which of the following issues is NOT associated with the categorical model of personality disorders?
How does the DSM-5's approach differ regarding the boundaries between personality disorders and other mental disorders?
How does the DSM-5's approach differ regarding the boundaries between personality disorders and other mental disorders?
What is one of the primary reasons for critiquing the DSM-5's dimensional model proposal for personality disorders?
What is one of the primary reasons for critiquing the DSM-5's dimensional model proposal for personality disorders?
What is one of the key characteristics of personality disorders as defined by the DSM-5?
What is one of the key characteristics of personality disorders as defined by the DSM-5?
Which factor is recognized as a limitation of the categorical model for diagnosing personality disorders?
Which factor is recognized as a limitation of the categorical model for diagnosing personality disorders?
In which cluster of personality disorders is Avoidant Personality Disorder categorized?
In which cluster of personality disorders is Avoidant Personality Disorder categorized?
What methodological issue is highlighted when considering the inter-rater reliability of personality disorder diagnoses?
What methodological issue is highlighted when considering the inter-rater reliability of personality disorder diagnoses?
According to the information, what is a consequence of the arbitrariness in diagnostic cut-offs in personality disorders?
According to the information, what is a consequence of the arbitrariness in diagnostic cut-offs in personality disorders?
What is one reason the American Psychiatric Association chose to retain the categorical model over the dimensional model in DSM-5?
What is one reason the American Psychiatric Association chose to retain the categorical model over the dimensional model in DSM-5?
What does the 5 Factor Model (OCEAN) specifically assess in terms of personality disorders?
What does the 5 Factor Model (OCEAN) specifically assess in terms of personality disorders?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the removal of the axis that separated PDs from clinical disorders in DSM-5?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the removal of the axis that separated PDs from clinical disorders in DSM-5?
What is included in Criterion A for the Alternative Model for DSM-5?
What is included in Criterion A for the Alternative Model for DSM-5?
Which of the following broad domains are recognized under Criterion B in the AMPD?
Which of the following broad domains are recognized under Criterion B in the AMPD?
What is a significant methodological concern regarding the efficacy of the AMPD?
What is a significant methodological concern regarding the efficacy of the AMPD?
What factor contributes to the increased reported prevalence of personality disorders in the US?
What factor contributes to the increased reported prevalence of personality disorders in the US?
Which of the following characteristics is true regarding global prevalence of personality disorders?
Which of the following characteristics is true regarding global prevalence of personality disorders?
Which of the following factors could potentially lead to increased psychopathology according to research findings?
Which of the following factors could potentially lead to increased psychopathology according to research findings?
According to Winsper et al. (2020), what cultural aspect correlates with lower prevalence of personality disorders?
According to Winsper et al. (2020), what cultural aspect correlates with lower prevalence of personality disorders?
Which is not included in the DSM-5 definition of personality disorders?
Which is not included in the DSM-5 definition of personality disorders?
Which are reasons that the DSM-5 Categorical Model for diagnosis is problematic?
Which are reasons that the DSM-5 Categorical Model for diagnosis is problematic?
What is the most common diagnosis in Personality Disorders?
What is the most common diagnosis in Personality Disorders?
Which PD is characterised by emotional detachment and social disinterest?
Which PD is characterised by emotional detachment and social disinterest?
Which personality disorder is characterised by eccentric thinking and transient psychosis-like states?
Which personality disorder is characterised by eccentric thinking and transient psychosis-like states?
Which cluster of personality disorders is most associated with childhood abuse?
Which cluster of personality disorders is most associated with childhood abuse?
How do people with Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) respond to alcohol consumption compared to controls?
How do people with Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) respond to alcohol consumption compared to controls?
The 2 Categories of Criteria of AMPD are:
The 2 Categories of Criteria of AMPD are:
Which PDs have increased in the US over the past few decades?
Which PDs have increased in the US over the past few decades?
In the US, what is the prevalence of Personality Disorders (PDs)?
In the US, what is the prevalence of Personality Disorders (PDs)?
In the context of BPD, what does 'splitting' refer to?
In the context of BPD, what does 'splitting' refer to?
Why do people with BPD self-harm?
Why do people with BPD self-harm?
Theories associating BPD and disorganized attachment style propose BPD symptoms reflect:
Theories associating BPD and disorganized attachment style propose BPD symptoms reflect:
What percentage of people with BPD will die from suicide?
What percentage of people with BPD will die from suicide?
Dialectical Behavior Therapy for BPD involves:
Dialectical Behavior Therapy for BPD involves:
What is considered the best treatment option for Personality Disorders (PDs)?
What is considered the best treatment option for Personality Disorders (PDs)?
Study Notes
Personality Disorders (PDs): Concepts and Controversies
- PDs are enduring patterns of thinking, feeling, acting, and relating that deviate from cultural norms, are pervasive, inflexible, and lead to distress or impairment.
- The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5) uses a categorical model for PDs, which has been criticized for its shortcomings, including:
- Extensive co-occurrence of PDs
- Heterogeneity within diagnostic categories
- Poor inter-rater reliability
- High prevalence of "Personality Disorder Not Otherwise Specified" (PD NOS)
- Arbitrary diagnostic cut-offs
- Despite a proposed shift to a dimensional model in DSM-5, the American Psychiatric Association (APA) ultimately decided against it, citing its complexity for clinicians.
- DSM-5 removed the axis that separated PDs from other clinical disorders.
PD Clusters
- Cluster A (Odd/Eccentric):
- Paranoid
- Schizoid
- Schizotypal (characterized by 'bizarre' thinking)
- Cluster B (Dramatic/Emotional/Erratic):
- Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD):
- Requires three out of seven criteria, leading to variations in presentation.
- More prevalent in males.
- Higher prevalence in individuals with alcohol use disorder, substance abuse, and in prison and forensic settings.
- Research suggests that ASPD is associated with increased aggression.
- Individuals must have a history of conduct disorder before age 18.
- Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD):
- Approximately 75% of individuals with BPD are female.
- Strong association with childhood sexual abuse (up to 71% of BPD patients).
- Histrionic Personality Disorder:
- More common in females.
- Characterized by attention-seeking behavior.
- Controversial diagnosis, often co-occurring with BPD, NPD, and ASPD.
- Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD):
- Varied functionality amongst individuals with NPD.
- More common in males.
- Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD):
- Cluster C (Anxious/Fearful):
- Avoidant
- Dependent
- Obsessive-compulsive (one of the most common PDs, but least studied)
Dimensional Approaches to PDs
- The Five Factor Model (FFM) proposes that personality pathology exists at the extremes of personality dimensions (Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism).
- Individuals with BPD demonstrate significant variability in their FFM profiles, suggesting heterogeneity within the disorder.
- Personality dimensions provide valuable information for clinicians, such as predicting patient behavior (e.g., low conscientiousness may indicate lack of engagement in therapy, such as completing homework).
- The Alternative Model for Personality Disorders (AMPD) proposes a hybrid model incorporating both personality functioning and traits to identify PDs.
- Criterion A: Impaired personality functioning (self and interpersonal), including impairment in identity, self-direction, empathy, and intimacy.
- Criterion B: Pathological personality traits, categorized into five broad domains:
- Negative affectivity
- Detachment
- Psychoticism
- Antagonism
- Disinhibition
- Research on the AMPD model indicates:
- Meaningful correlations/associations with other variables
- Improved inter-rater reliability
- Strong psychometric properties.
- However, it remains unclear whether AMPD is superior to the categorical model (Widiger & Hines, 2022).
PD and Culture
- Increases in BPD and ASPD diagnoses in the United States over recent decades may be attributed to changes in diagnostic criteria, increased cultural acceptance of treatment seeking, or other factors.
- There are significant cross-national differences in ASPD diagnoses, potentially related to varying levels of stigmatization, cultural differences in acceptable behavior, and individualism versus collectivism.
- The US National Epidemiological Survey estimates that approximately 15% of individuals have a PD, likely due to high research activity and diagnostic focus.
- It is challenging to determine true PD prevalence globally.
- A global study by Winsper et al. (2020):
- Estimated the global prevalence of PDs at approximately 8%.
- Found higher prevalence in high-income nations.
- Cluster B and C PDs were less common in low-income countries.
- These differences may be attributed to cultural influences, such as protective factors, or individualism versus collectivism.
- Certain cultures may perceive PDs as more maladaptive than others.
- Leising et al. (2009) suggest that distress associated with PDs may be related to a poor fit with one's cultural context.
- Niche seeking (finding a subculture that aligns with one's personality) could be a strategy to reduce distress related to cultural mismatch.
- Caldwell-Harris and Aycicegi (2006) found that individuals who do not conform to either individualistic or collectivist societies are more likely to experience psychopathology, as demonstrated in a Turkish and US self-report survey.
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Test your knowledge on borderline personality disorder with this quiz. Covering major characteristics, symptoms, and prevalence, it highlights essential aspects of this complex condition. Perfect for psychology students and enthusiasts looking to deepen their understanding.
