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What is the first step in the booting process of a computer?
What is the role of Basic Input Output System (BIOS) during the booting process?
What happens if the necessary files are not present in the boot sector?
Which file is NOT typically part of the MS-DOS operating system as mentioned during the booting process?
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What does POST stand for in the context of the booting process?
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In the boot sequence, which step occurs after BIOS reads the disk sector?
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Which component sends pre-defined signals to check connected devices during the booting process?
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What is the significance of the boot sector in the booting process?
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Which feature of OS/360 was important for ensuring that programs could run on different machine models?
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What was one of the major advancements introduced by IBM with the OS/360 series?
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Which of the following programming languages was prominently used in the era of OS/360?
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What was a significant drawback of OS/360's architecture?
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Which of these statements best describes the function of the $END card in a job?
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OS/360 was designed to handle which types of computing?
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In what context were IBM's successors to the 360 series primarily utilized?
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What characteristic did the third generation of computers primarily emphasize?
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Which system was the first time-sharing system developed?
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Which of the following operating systems was developed specifically for IBM's personal computer?
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What significant step did Ken Thompson take in the development of UNIX?
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Which technology began the age of personal computers?
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What was the primary business decision made by Gary Kildall regarding IBM's request for an operating system?
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Which microprocessor was introduced by Intel in 1974, marking a significant development in personal computing?
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Which clone of UNIX was released in 1987?
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What does the term 'microcomputers' refer to in the context of personal computing?
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What was a major limitation of computers during the first generation (1945-55)?
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What innovation marked the transition from the first to the second generation of computers?
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What was a common programming method used in the first generation of computers?
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What issue did batch systems address during the second generation of computers?
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Which factor contributed to the high costs of computers during the second generation?
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How were programs typically submitted for execution in the second generation?
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Which of these statements about the first generation of computers is incorrect?
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What was one consequence of the unreliability of first-generation computer designs?
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Study Notes
Booting Process
- The process of starting a computer and loading the operating system is called booting.
- This process is initiated when the computer's power is switched on.
- The first step is the Power on Self Test (POST), where the computer checks if essential devices (keyboard, mouse, printer, etc.) are connected and function correctly.
- This is done by sending predefined signals to the devices and expecting predefined responses back.
- The Basic Input Output System (BIOS), located in the computer's Read Only Memory (ROM), then checks the computer's memory.
- BIOS reads the necessary files from the boot sector of the disk, which is the specific area containing files crucial for loading the operating system.
- These files are essential for the computer to start successfully.
- After the POST, BIOS, and boot sector files are loaded, additional configuration files are loaded, which dictate the computer's startup behavior.
- The booting process concludes with the operating system taking control of the computer.
- For the MS-DOS operating system, booting requires the following files:
- IO.Sys
- MSDOS.Sys
- Command.Com
- Config.Sys
- Autoexec.bat
First Generation (1945-1955)
- Vacuum tubes and plug boards were used
- Computers occupied entire rooms
- Programming was done in machine language using plug boards
- Programming languages and operating systems were not available
- Computers were used for numerical calculations only
- Punch cards were introduced in 1950
Second Generation (1955 - 1965)
- Transistors replaced vacuum tubes
- Computers were more reliable and were called Mainframes
- Only large organizations could afford to purchase them
- Programming was done using punch cards
- FORTRAN and Assembler languages were used
- Batch systems were introduced to reduce wasted time
Third Generation (1965-1980)
- Integrated circuits (ICs) replaced transistors
- Computers were more affordable and powerful
- IBM introduced OS/360, a single operating system for all models, designed to handle both commercial and scientific computing
- Multitasking was introduced
- Computers were used to manage databases and handle large workloads
Fourth Generation (1980-Present)
- The development of large-scale integrated circuits brought personal computers (microcomputers) to the market
- Intel released the microprocessor in 1974
- Gary Kildal developed CP/M (Control Program for Microcomputers)
- IBM introduced their PC in 1980
- Microsoft developed MS-DOS, based on DOS
- CP/M was replaced by MS-DOS as the dominant operating system
- IBM PC/AT was released in 1983 with 80286 CPU
Time-Sharing Systems
- The first time-sharing system, Compatible Time-Sharing System (CTSS) was released in 1962
- MULTICS (Multiplexed Information & Computing Services) was developed to support hundreds of simultaneous users
- Ken Thompson developed the UNIX operating system on a PDP-7
- The IEEE developed POSIX standard for UNIX
- MINIX, a clone of UNIX, was released in 1987
- Linus Torvalds developed Linux (free version) of UNIX
Early Operating Systems
- FMS (FORTRAN MONITOR SYSTEM) was an early operating system
- IBSYS (IBM’s Operating System for 7094) was another early operating system
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Description
This quiz covers the essential steps involved in the booting process of a computer, from powering on to loading the operating system. It includes details on the Power on Self Test (POST), the role of the BIOS, and the importance of boot sector files. Test your understanding of how computers initiate and execute their start-up sequence.
