Bookkeeping and Accountancy Basics

Definition: The process of recording daily financial transactions in a consistent manner.
Objectives:
- Maintain accurate records of financial activities.
- Provide data for financial reporting.
Key Components:
- Journals: Initial recording of transactions.
- Ledgers: Categorized accounts to track balances.
- Trial Balance: Summary of all ledger accounts to ensure debits equal credits.
Types of Bookkeeping:
- Single-entry: Simple system focusing on cash receipts and disbursements.
- Double-entry: More complex, requiring that each transaction affects at least two accounts (debits and credits).
Methods:
- Manual: Using physical books and ledgers.
- Computerized: Software to automate recording and reporting processes.

Definition: The art of recording, classifying, and summarizing financial transactions.
Objectives:
- Provide a clear picture of financial performance and position.
- Aid in decision-making and accountability.
Key Functions:
- Financial Accounting: Reporting financial performance through standardized financial statements.
- Management Accounting: Internal use for budgeting and performance evaluation.
- Cost Accounting: Analyzing costs associated with production or services.
Principles:
- GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Principles): Standards for financial reporting.
- IFRS (International Financial Reporting Standards): Global standards for financial statements.
Financial Statements:
- Balance Sheet: Snapshot of assets, liabilities, and equity at a certain date.
- Income Statement: Summary of revenues and expenses over a period, showing net profit/loss.
- Cash Flow Statement: Tracks cash inflows and outflows in operating, investing, and financing activities.
Types of Accountants:
- Public Accountants: Provide services to various clients, including audit and tax services.
- Private Accountants: Work within an organization, focusing on internal financial management.
- Forensic Accountants: Investigate financial discrepancies and fraud.

Relationship: Bookkeeping serves as the foundation for accountancy; accurate bookkeeping is essential for reliable financial analysis and reporting.
Software Solutions: Many modern tools integrate bookkeeping and accountancy functions, improving efficiency and accuracy.

The process of recording daily financial transactions in a consistent manner.
Objectives:
- Maintaining accurate records of financial activities.
- Providing data for financial reporting.
Key Components:
- Journals - initial recording of transactions
- Ledgers - categorized accounts to track balances
- Trial Balance - summary of all ledger accounts to ensure debits equal credits
Types of Bookkeeping:
- Single-entry - simple system focusing on cash receipts and disbursements.
- Double-entry - more complex, requiring that each transaction affects at least two accounts (debits and credits).
Methods:
- Manual - using physical books and ledgers
- Computerized - software to automate recording and reporting processes

The art of recording, classifying, and summarizing financial transactions.
Objectives:
- Provide a clear picture of financial performance and position.
- Aid in decision-making and accountability.
Key Functions:
- Financial Accounting: Reporting financial performance through standardized financial statements.
- Management Accounting: Internal use for budgeting and performance evaluation.
- Cost Accounting: Analyzing costs associated with production or services.
Principles:
- GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Principles) - standards for financial reporting.
- IFRS (International Financial Reporting Standards) - global standards for financial statements.
Financial Statements:
- Balance Sheet - snapshot of assets, liabilities, and equity at a certain date
- Income Statement - summary of revenues and expenses over a period, showing net profit/loss
- Cash Flow Statement - tracks cash inflows and outflows in operating, investing, and financing activities
Types of Accountants:
- Public Accountants - provide services to various clients, including audit and tax services.
- Private Accountants - work within an organization, focusing on internal financial management.
- Forensic Accountants - investigate financial discrepancies and fraud.

Bookkeeping serves as the foundation for accountancy. Accurate bookkeeping is essential for reliable financial analysis and reporting.
Many modern tools integrate bookkeeping and accountancy functions, improving efficiency and accuracy.