Book 1A: Scientific Investigations and Experiments

What is the primary purpose of a fair test in scientific investigations?

What is the main difference between an independent variable and a controlled variable?

What is the purpose of analysing data in a scientific investigation?

What is the primary purpose of safety equipment in a laboratory?

What is the main advantage of using models in scientific investigations?

What is the primary purpose of a hypothesis in a scientific investigation?

What is the purpose of using a carbon dioxide fire extinguisher to put out a fire?

Which of the following is NOT a type of Bunsen flame?

What is the purpose of using a measuring cylinder in a laboratory?

What is the vital function of living things that involves the removal of waste products?

What should you do if you did not close the air hole before lighting the Bunsen burner?

What is the term for the process by which plants make their own food?

What is the purpose of using a stopwatch in a laboratory?

What is the term for the ability of living things to detect and react to stimuli?

Steps in Scientific Investigations

Observe: subjective observation
Form a hypothesis: based on observations
Design and do experiments: collect evidence
Analyze: examine data
Draw a conclusion: support the hypothesis

Types of Scientific Investigations

Fair tests: independent variable, dependent variable, controlled variables
Classifying: comparing similarities
Pattern seeking: observing and recording natural phenomena to find a pattern
Model building: models represent objects

Laboratory Safety

Safety equipment: laboratory coat, safety goggles, protective gloves, fire extinguisher, sand bucket, fire blanket, fume cupboard, eye wash bottle, first-aid kit
Potential dangers: chemicals may be harmful
Safety precautions: wear safety goggles
Hazard warning symbols: harmful, irritant, flammable, explosive, radioactive, carcinogenic, toxic, corrosive

Fire Extinguisher

Carbon dioxide gas: denser than air, sinks in air, blocks the supply of O2 to the fire
Methods to extinguish fire: cover it with a jar, spray water, fire beaters, cut down trees

Measurement

Length: measuring tapes, half-metre/metre rule, caliper (for paper)
Volume: measuring cylinder, displacement can
Mass: electronic balance, bathroom scale
Temperature: alcohol thermometer, mercury thermometer
Time: stopwatch

Basic Practical Skills

Heating: steps to light a Bunsen burner
- Put the Bunsen burner on a heat-proof mat
- Close the air hole
- Place the gas lighter just above chimney
- Press the button of the gas lighter and turn off the gas tap
- Open the air hole
Types of Bunsen Flame: luminous flame, non-luminous flame, air hole closed, air hole half-open, irregular, regular, quiet, noisy, lower temperature, higher temperature
Strike back: did not close the air hole before lighting the Bunsen burner

Living Things

Vital functions of living things: nutrition, respiration, movement, growth, sensitivity, excretion, reproduction
Examples: photosynthesis, respiration, mimosa (害羞草), mould (霉)

This quiz covers the steps in scientific investigations, including observation, hypothesis, experimentation, and analysis. It also explores types of scientific investigations, such as fair tests, and variable identification.