أسئلة الـ Bony Thorax (ريتين ثانية أناتومي)

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Questions and Answers

What is the shortest, broadest, and strongest rib in the human body?

The 1st rib.

Which rib is considered the longest?

The 7th rib.

Identify the most prominent rib in the rib cage.

The 8th rib.

Which rib is described as the most oblique?

<p>The 9th rib.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the costotransverse ligaments attached to?

<p>The superior and inferior costotransverse ligaments attach to the vertebrae above and below.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name the muscles associated with the groove for the subclavian artery.

<p>Scalenus anterior muscle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structures are related to the rib's neck?

<p>The stellate ganglion and the 1st intercostal nerve.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is found in the costal groove of the ribs?

<p>The intercostal vein, artery, and nerve.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of joint is formed at the xiphi-sternal junction?

<p>Secondary cartilaginous joint.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vertebra is located opposite the xiphoid process?

<p>T9.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main components that form the vertebral arch?

<p>Pedicles, laminae, spine, and transverse/articular processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cartilage is formed in the intervertebral disc?

<p>Nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify the types of ribs according to their attachments.

<p>True (1-7), false (8, 9, 10), and floating ribs (11, 12).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What forms the articulation surface for ribs on vertebrae?

<p>Superior and inferior hemifacets.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the ligamentum flavum located in relation to the vertebral anatomy?

<p>Between adjacent laminae of vertebrae.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is opposed to the anterior longitudinal ligament?

<p>Posterior longitudinal ligament.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What anatomical structures define the boundaries of the thoracic inlet?

<p>The thoracic inlet is bounded anteriorly by the suprasternal notch, posteriorly by the upper border of T1, and laterally by the inner border of the 1st rib.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the type of joint at the 1st sterno-costal joint.

<p>The 1st sterno-costal joint is a primary cartilaginous joint.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the characteristics of the thoracic outlet in terms of its direction and boundaries?

<p>The thoracic outlet is directed downward and backward, with its anterior boundary at the xiphoid process, posteriorly at the lower border of T12, and laterally at the costal margin and floating ribs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify the anatomical significance of the sternal angle, also known as the angle of Lewis.

<p>The sternal angle is significant as it is located opposite the disc between T4 and T5 and serves as a landmark for counting ribs and locating thoracic structures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What joint type is characterized as a synovial plane joint amongst the thoracic joints?

<p>The rest of the sterno-costal joints (2nd to 7th ribs) are classified as synovial plane joints.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which primary cartilaginous joint is associated with the 1st rib?

<p>The costo-chondral joint, which connects the 1st rib to its cartilage, is a primary cartilaginous joint.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the relationship of the thoracic inlet to the thymus gland.

<p>The thoracic inlet is related to the thymus gland, which is positioned opposite the discs between T2 and T3.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines the inter-vertebral disc in terms of its joint classification?

<p>The inter-vertebral disc is classified as a secondary cartilaginous joint.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What anatomical landmark is located anteriorly at the thoracic inlet?

<p>The suprasternal notch.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vertebral body's upper border defines the posterior boundary of the thoracic inlet?

<p>The upper border of T1.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the type of joint formed at the 1st sterno-costal articulation.

<p>It is a primary cartilaginous joint.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the direction and posterior boundary of the thoracic outlet?

<p>The thoracic outlet is directed downward and backward, with the lower boundary at T12.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify the anatomical structure related to the thymus gland at the thoracic inlet.

<p>The left brachiocephalic vein and aortic arch with its branches.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What joint classification describes the inter-vertebral discs?

<p>They are classified as secondary cartilaginous joints.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What feature is located opposite the sternal angle in the thoracic vertebrae?

<p>The disc between T4 and T5.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of joint is associated with the rest of the sterno-costal joints?

<p>They are classified as synovial plane joints.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is unique about the 9th rib in terms of its structure?

<p>The 9th rib is described as the most oblique rib.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the significance of the scalene tubercle found on the rib.

<p>The scalene tubercle serves as the attachment point for the Scalenus anterior muscle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In relation to the intercostal structures, what are the three components located in the costal groove?

<p>The intercostal vein, artery, and nerve are located in the costal groove.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the anatomical relevance of the tubercle on the rib?

<p>The tubercle of the rib articulates with the transverse process of the same vertebra.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the role of the superior and inferior costotransverse ligaments in rib attachment.

<p>They provide support and stabilization to the rib where it articulates with the vertebrae.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structures are associated with the neck of the rib in terms of neurovascular anatomy?

<p>The neck of the rib is related to the stellate ganglion, superior ICA, and 1st posterior ICN.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify the relation of the 1st rib to other thoracic structures.

<p>The 1st rib is attached to several critical structures including the scalene tubercle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What makes the 8th rib notably prominent among all ribs?

<p>The 8th rib is considered the most prominent rib.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structures are associated with the xiphi-sternal junction?

<p>The xiphi-sternal junction is associated with the xiphoid process and lies opposite the upper border of T9.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the formation of an intervertebral disc.

<p>An intervertebral disc is formed by the nucleus pulposus and the annulus fibrosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify the types of ribs classified as 'vertebro-chondral'.

<p>The vertebro-chondral ribs are the 8th, 9th, and 10th ribs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What joint type is formed at the junction of T1's superior articular process and the rib head?

<p>A synovial plane joint is formed at this junction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the anatomical significance of the superior hemi-facet on thoracic vertebrae?

<p>The superior hemi-facet on thoracic vertebrae provides articulation for the head of the corresponding rib.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many true 'vertebro-sternal' ribs are there, and what defines them?

<p>There are seven true 'vertebro-sternal' ribs, defined by their direct attachment to the sternum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the ligamentum flavum play in spinal anatomy?

<p>The ligamentum flavum connects adjacent vertebrae and helps maintain the upright posture of the spine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the characteristics of floating ribs and their significance?

<p>Floating ribs, which are the 11th and 12th ribs, have no anterior attachment to the sternum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Xiphi-sternal junction

The point where the xiphoid process of the sternum meets the body of the sternum.

Secondary cartilaginous joint

A type of joint formed by hyaline cartilage, allowing for limited movement.

Xiphoid process

The bony projection at the inferior end of the sternum.

Vertebral arch

The vertebral arch is formed by the pedicles, laminae, spine, and transverse/articular processes.

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Facet

A smooth, flat surface on a bone that articulates with another bone.

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True ribs (vertebro-sternal)

The first seven ribs directly connect to the sternum.

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False ribs (vertebro-chondral)

Ribs 8, 9, and 10 connect to the sternum through costal cartilages.

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Floating ribs

Ribs 11 and 12 do not connect to the sternum.

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Thoracic Inlet

The opening at the top of the thoracic cavity, formed by the first rib, clavicle, and the first thoracic vertebra.

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Thoracic Outlet

The opening at the bottom of the thoracic cavity, formed by the 12th thoracic vertebra, the xiphoid process, and the costal margin.

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Intervertebral Disc

A type of joint found between the vertebral bodies, where the vertebrae are joined by a disc of fibrocartilage.

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Sternocostal Joint (Primary)

A type of joint found between the ribs and the sternum, where the costal cartilages connect directly to the sternum.

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Sternocostal Joint (Secondary)

A type of joint found between the ribs and the sternum, where the costal cartilages connect to the sternum through a synovial capsule.

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Manubriosternal Joint

A type of joint found between the manubrium and the body of the sternum, where the two parts of the sternum are joined by a secondary cartilaginous joint.

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Xiphisternal Joint

A type of joint found between the xiphoid process and the body of the sternum, where the two parts are joined by a secondary cartilaginous joint.

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Costovertebral Joint

A type of joint found between the rib and the vertebral column. The costal cartilage is attached to the rib, creating a slightly movable joint.

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Rib Length

The first rib is the shortest, broadest, and strongest, while the seventh rib is the longest.

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Rib Prominence

The eighth rib is the most prominent, and the ninth rib is the most oblique.

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Rib Head Articulation

The head of a rib articulates with the superior and inferior costal facets on the body of the vertebra above and the facet on the body of the same vertebra.

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Rib Tubercle Articulation

The tubercle of a rib articulates with the facet on the transverse process of the same vertebra.

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Rib Tubercle Connection

The non-articular part of the tubercle of a rib connects to the lateral costotransverse ligament.

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Rib Costal Groove

The costal groove on the rib houses the intercostal vein, artery, and nerve.

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Costotransverse Ligaments

The superior and inferior costotransverse ligaments connect the neck of the rib to the transverse process of the vertebrae.

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Scalene Tubercle

The scalene tubercle on the first rib provides attachment for the scalenus anterior muscle.

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What is the thoracic inlet?

The superior opening of the thoracic cavity, formed by the first rib, clavicle, and first thoracic vertebra.

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Describe the thoracic outlet.

The inferior opening of the thoracic cavity, defined by the xiphoid process, 12th rib, and 12th thoracic vertebra.

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What is the primary sternocostal joint?

A joint that connects the ribs to the sternum, characterized by costal cartilages connecting directly to the sternum.

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What is the secondary sternocostal joint?

A joint between the ribs and sternum, where costal cartilages are connected to the sternum via a synovial capsule.

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Explain the manubriosternal joint.

Located between the manubrium and body of the sternum, it is a secondary cartilaginous joint allowing limited movement.

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Describe the xiphisternal joint.

Found between the xiphoid process and the body of the sternum, it is a secondary cartilaginous joint allowing limited movement.

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What are the characteristics of the first rib?

The first rib is the shortest, broadest, and strongest.

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What is a costovertebral joint?

Located between the rib and vertebral column, allowing limited movement due to costal cartilage attachment.

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Which rib is the longest?

The seventh rib is the longest.

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What is a secondary cartilaginous joint?

A joint that allows limited movement, formed by hyaline cartilage between bones. An example is the manubriosternal joint.

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Which rib is the most prominent?

The eighth rib is the most prominent.

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Which rib is the most oblique?

The ninth rib is the most oblique.

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How does the head of a rib articulate with the vertebrae?

The head of a rib articulates with the superior and inferior costal facets on the body of the vertebra above and the facet on the body of the same vertebra.

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Where does the tubercle of a rib articulate?

The tubercle of a rib articulates with the facet on the transverse process of the same vertebra.

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What connects to the non-articular part of the rib tubercle?

The non-articular part of the tubercle of a rib connects to the lateral costotransverse ligament.

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What runs through the costal groove of a rib?

The costal groove on the rib houses the intercostal vein, artery, and nerve.

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What is the Xiphi-sternal junction?

A secondary cartilaginous joint formed by the connection of the xiphoid process with the body of the sternum.

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What structures make up the vertebral arch?

The vertebral arch is composed of pedicles, laminae, spine, and transverse/articular processes. It forms the posterior part of a vertebra, protecting the spinal cord.

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Where does the head of a rib articulate?

The head of a rib articulates with the superior and inferior costal facets on the body of the vertebra above and the facet on the body of the same vertebra.

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What are true ribs?

The first seven ribs directly connect to the sternum and are therefore called 'true ribs'.

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What are false ribs?

Ribs 8, 9, and 10 connect indirectly to the sternum via costal cartilages and are called 'false ribs'.

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What are floating ribs?

Ribs 11 and 12 do not connect to the sternum and are called 'floating ribs'.

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What is the Costovertebral Joint?

This joint is formed by the costal cartilage attaching to the rib, allowing for limited movement.

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Study Notes

Bony Thorax

  • The bony thorax is a complex structure that protects vital organs.
  • The bony thorax consists of the sternum, ribs, and thoracic vertebrae.
  • The sternum is a flat bone located in the center of the chest.
  • The ribs are long, curved bones that encircle the chest cavity.
  • The thoracic vertebrae are a group of bones that form the posterior portion of the bony thorax.

Thoracic Inlet

  • The thoracic inlet is the superior opening of the thorax.
  • Anteriorly: suprasternal notch.
  • Posteriorly: upper border of T1.
  • Laterally: inner border of the first rib.
  • Direction: downward and forward,

Thoracic Outlet

  • The thoracic outlet is the inferior opening of the thorax.
  • Anteriorly: xiphoid process.
  • Posteriorly: lower border of T12.
  • Laterally: costal margin and floating ribs.
  • Direction: downward and backward

Sternum

  • Sternum, also known as breastbone, is a flat bone located in the middle front of the chest.
  • The sternum is divided into three parts: manubrium, body, and xiphoid process.
  • The manubrium articulates with the clavicle and first costal cartilage.
  • The body articulates with the second through seventh costal cartilages.
  • The sternal angle (angle of Louis) is a prominent landmark where the manubrium and body meet.
  • The xiphoid process is the smallest part of the sternum, located at its inferior end. It is attached to the seventh costal cartilage as well as the sternocostalis and diaphragm.
  • The manubriosternal articulation (between manubrium and body) is a secondary cartilaginous joint.
  • The xiphisternal junction (between xiphoid process and body) is a secondary cartilaginous joint.
  • The sternocostal joints (between the sternum and the ribs) are primarily cartilaginous (first sternocostal joint) or synovial (second to seventh sternocostal joints).

Ribs

  • There are 12 pairs of ribs.
  • Ribs 1-7 are called true ribs because they attach directly to the sternum via costal cartilages.
  • Ribs 8-10 are called false ribs and they attach indirectly to the sternum via the costal cartilage of rib 7; they articulate with costal cartilage 7.
  • Ribs 11-12 are called floating ribs and they do not attach to the sternum at all.
  • Ribs articulate with vertebrae in the back forming vertebrocostal joints (1st-7th primarily cartilaginous; 2nd to 7th are synovial joints).
  • The shortest, broadest, and strongest rib is the first rib.
  • The longest rib is the seventh rib.
  • The most prominent rib is the eighth rib.
  • The most oblique rib is the ninth rib.

Typical Thoracic Vertebrae

  • Typical thoracic vertebrae have a characteristic shape.
  • The superior articular process and inferior articular process of the vertebrae articulate with the ribs.
  • Each vertebra has facets for articulation with the ribs; the facets on the superior and inferior articular processes are synovial joints.
  • The ribs connect to vertebrae at the transverse processes and the vertebral bodies (at the heads of ribs).

Atypical Thoracic Vertebrae

  • Not all thoracic vertebrae have an identical structure to the rest.
  • T1, T10, T11, and T12 are considered atypical, with different degrees of variations.

Intervertebral Discs

  • Intervertebral discs are located between the thoracic vertebrae.
  • They are made of pulpy nucleus and fibrous annulus.
  • Type: secondary cartilaginous joint

Vertebral Arch

  • The vertebral arch is formed by the pedicles, laminae, and spinous and transverse processes.

1st Rib

  • The first rib has a unique structure, including grooves for the subclavian artery and vein, and possesses a scalene tubercle (articulating with the anterior scalene muscle).
  • The first rib relates to the stellate ganglion, superior ICA and first posterior ICV, ICN.

2nd, 11th and 12th Ribs

  • Each rib has a head, neck, tubercle, and body
  • The 2nd rib, 11th and 12th ribs have different characteristics.

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