Bones of the Upper Limbs and Back Muscles
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Questions and Answers

Which bone connects the upper limb to the trunk?

  • Scapula
  • Humerus
  • Ulna
  • Clavicle (correct)

    • What is the shape of the scapula?

  • Vertical
  • Round
  • Cylindrical
  • Triangular flat (correct)

    • Which part of the clavicle is flat and involved in the sternoclavicular joint?

  • Lateral end
  • Sternal end (correct)
  • Conoid tubercle
  • Acromial end

    • Which of the following bones is NOT part of the forearm?

    <p>Humerus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which surface feature characterizes the medial two thirds of the clavicle?

    <p>Convex anteriorly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle belongs to the superficial layer of extrinsic back muscles?

    <p>Latissimus dorsi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following muscles is included in the intermediate layer of intrinsic back muscles?

    <p>Longissimus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary action of the muscle serratus posterior superior?

    <p>Elevates the ribs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is found in the deep layer of intrinsic back muscles?

    <p>Multifidus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an intrinsic back muscle?

    <p>Latissimus dorsi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure does the head of the radius articulate with during elbow joint movement?

    <p>Capitulum of the humerus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bone is the largest in the proximal row of the carpus?

    <p>Scaphoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature is found on the distal end of the radius?

    <p>Ulnar notch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of the capitate bone in the carpus?

    <p>Head-shaped</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many phalanges does the thumb have?

    <p>Two</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary bone that articulates with the 2nd metacarpal?

    <p>Trapezoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic distinguishes the styloid process of the radius from that of the ulna?

    <p>It is larger than the ulnar styloid process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ossification centers appear first during skeletal development?

    <p>Capitate and hamate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of the shaft of the radius as it passes distally?

    <p>Triangular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fracture is a Colles fracture?

    <p>Complete transverse fracture of the distal radius</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve may be injured with a fracture at the surgical neck of the humerus?

    <p>Axillary nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which metacarpal is considered the thickest and shortest?

    <p>1st metacarpal (thumb)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structures are found in the proximal portion of each phalanx?

    <p>Base, shaft, and head</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the carpal bones?

    <p>Sphenoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these nerves is associated with the radial groove of the humerus?

    <p>Radial nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the distal fragment in a Colles fracture?

    <p>It is displaced dorsally</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main fossae located on the anterior distal end of the humerus?

    <p>Radial fossa and coronoid fossa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure of the scapula articulates with the clavicle?

    <p>Acromion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the glenoid cavity?

    <p>Articulate with the head of the humerus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is located superior to the glenoid cavity on the scapula?

    <p>Coracoid process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure is found on the proximal end of the ulna?

    <p>Olecranon process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure of the humerus corresponds to the capitulum?

    <p>Lateral articular surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of the shaft of the ulna?

    <p>It tapers as it extends distally</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bone is located on the medial side of the forearm?

    <p>Ulna</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following features characterizes the acromial end of the clavicle?

    <p>It is round and participates in the coracoacromial joint.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bone in the upper arm is characterized by its prominent surface features?

    <p>Humerus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bones are included in the wrist, specifically defined as carpals?

    <p>Scaphoid and Lunate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the clavicle is true?

    <p>It serves as a connection point for the upper limb to the trunk.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the glenoid cavity in the scapula?

    <p>It provides surface area for joint articulation with the humerus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is classified as part of the intrinsic back muscles?

    <p>Iliocostalis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of the trapezius muscle?

    <p>Elevation and retraction of the scapula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following muscles belongs to the deep layer of intrinsic back muscles?

    <p>Semispinalis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is included in both the superficial and intermediate layers of the extrinsic back muscles?

    <p>Latissimus dorsi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which intrinsic back muscle is responsible for extension and lateral flexion of the vertebral column?

    <p>Longissimus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the phalanges in the fingers compared to the thumb?

    <p>The thumb has two phalanges.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve is at risk during a fracture at the distal end of the humerus?

    <p>Median nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fracture is characterized by a distal radius fracture with dorsal displacement?

    <p>Colles fracture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ossification centers typically develop first in skeletal development?

    <p>Capitate and hamate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What anatomical structure is commonly assessed using radiographs of the wrist and hand?

    <p>Skeletal age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the proximal structure that articulates with the radius, allowing movement at the elbow joint?

    <p>Capitulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the carpals in the wrist?

    <p>Facilitate wrist movement and stability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common injury occurs as a result of forced extension of the hand during a fall?

    <p>Colles fracture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What articulates with the radius during pronation and supination?

    <p>Radial notch of the ulna</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bone is positioned most laterally in the proximal row of the carpus?

    <p>Scaphoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature characterizes the distal end of the radius?

    <p>Ulnar notch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which metacarpal bone is responsible for the formation of the knuckles?

    <p>All metacarpals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which carpal bone is recognized as the largest in the carpus?

    <p>Capitate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What shape describes the shaft of the radius?

    <p>Triangular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the oval radial tuberosity?

    <p>Site for muscle attachment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature distinguishes the trapezium bone from other carpal bones?

    <p>Forms a joint with the 1st metacarpal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of the infraspinous fossa of the scapula?

    <p>It is larger than the supraspinous fossa.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure articulates with the head of the humerus at the glenohumeral joint?

    <p>Glenoid cavity of the scapula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the humerus is primarily responsible for the lateral aspects of the shoulder joint?

    <p>Greater tubercle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the coronoid process of the ulna articulate with?

    <p>The humerus at the trochlea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a feature of the radius?

    <p>Radial styloid process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the anterior coronoid fossa of the humerus?

    <p>To accommodate the head of the radius during flexion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is found on the proximal end of the ulna?

    <p>Radial notch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fossa is posteriorly located on the distal end of the humerus?

    <p>Olecranon fossa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Bones of the Upper Limb

    • Clavicle: Connects the upper limb to the trunk. Medial two-thirds of the shaft are convex anteriorly, while the lateral third is flattened and concave.

      • Sternal end: Flat, forms sternoclavicular joint.
      • Acromial end: Round, forms coracoacromial joint.

    • Scapula: Triangular flat bone overlying 2nd-7th ribs.

      • Posterior surface: Divided by spine of scapula into supraspinous fossa (smaller) and infraspinous fossa (larger).
      • Anterior costal surface: Concave and forms the subscapular fossa.
      • Spine: Continues laterally as the acromion and articulates with the clavicle.
      • Lateral surface: Contains the glenoid cavity which articulates with the humerus at the glenohumeral joint.
      • Coracoid process: Beak-like structure superior to glenoid cavity that projects anterolaterally.

    • Humerus: Bone of the upper arm.

      • Proximal end: Head, anatomical and surgical necks, greater and lesser tubercles, intertubercular sulcus.
      • Shaft: Deltoid tuberosity laterally, radial groove posteriorly, medial and lateral supra-epicondylar ridges.
      • Distal end: Capitulum (articulates with radius), trochlea (articulates with ulna), coronoid, radial, and olecranon fossae.

    • Ulna: Medial forearm bone (pinky side).

      • Proximal end: Olecranon and coronoid processes form the trochlear notch, which articulates with the humerus. The radial notch articulates with the radius.
      • Shaft: Thick and cylindrical proximally, tapers distally. Contains the tuberosity of the ulna inferior to the coronoid process.
      • Distal end: Head with a small, conical ulnar styloid process. Does not participate in the wrist joint.

    • Radius: Lateral forearm bone (thumb side).

      • Proximal end: Head articulates with humerus for flexion and extension of the elbow, and with the ulna for pronation and supination. Contains the radial tuberosity.
      • Shaft: Gradually enlarges distally.
      • Distal end: Forms the ulnar notch which accommodates the head of the ulna, and terminates in the styloid process.

    Bones of the Wrist and Hand

    • Carpus: Eight carpal bones.

      • Proximal row: Scaphoid (largest), lunate, triquetrum, pisiform.
      • Distal row: Trapezium, trapezoid, capitate (largest), hamate.

    • Metacarpus: Five metacarpal bones forming the palm.

      • The bases articulate with the carpal bones.
      • The heads articulate with the phalanges.
      • The first metacarpal (thumb) is the thickest and shortest.

    • Phalanges: Bones of the fingers.

      • Each finger has three phalanges except the thumb, which has two.
      • Each has a base, shaft, and head.

    Muscles of the Back

    • Extrinsic Back Muscles:
      • Superficial Layer: Trapezius, latissimus dorsi, levator scapulae, rhomboids.
      • Intermediate Layer: Serratus posterior superior, serratus posterior inferior.
    • Intrinsic Back Muscles:
      • Superficial Layer: Splenius cervicis, splenius capitis.
      • Intermediate Layer: Iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis.
      • Deep Layer: Semispinalis, multifidus, rotatores, interspinales, intertransversarii, levatores costarum.

    Bones of the Upper Limb

    • The clavicle (collar bone) connects the upper limb to the trunk. The medial two thirds of the clavicle are convex anteriorly, whereas the lateral third is flattened and concave anteriorly.
    • The clavicle has a sternal end, which is flat and articulates with the sternoclavicular joint, and an acromial end, which is round and articulates with the coracoacromial joint.
    • The scapula (shoulder blade) is a triangular flat bone overlying the 2nd–7th ribs. The convex posterior surface of the scapula is unevenly divided by the spine of the scapula into a small supraspinous fossa and a much larger infraspinous fossa.
    • The scapula has a concave anterior costal surface that forms a large subscapular fossa. The spine of the scapula continues laterally as the flat, expanded acromion and articulates with the acromial end of the clavicle.
    • The lateral surface of the scapula has a glenoid cavity, which receives and articulates with the head of the humerus at the glenohumeral joint.
    • The scapula has a beak-like coracoid process, which is superior to the glenoid cavity and projects anterolaterally.
    • The humerus is the bone in the upper arm. The proximal end has a head, surgical and anatomical necks, greater and lesser tubercles, and an intertubercular sulcus (bicipital groove).
    • The shaft of the humerus has a deltoid tuberosity laterally, a radial groove (spiral groove, posteriorly), and medial and lateral supra-epicondylar ridges that end distally in the medial epicondyle and the lateral epicondyle.
    • The distal end of the humerus (condyle of the humerus) has two articular surfaces - a lateral capitulum, which articulates with the head of the radius, and a medial pulley-like trochlea, which articulates with the proximal end of the ulna. The distal end also has three fossae - the coronoid fossa and radial fossa anteriorly, and the olecranon fossa posteriorly.
    • The ulna is the medial (pinky side) and longer of the two forearm bones, and its proximal end articulates with the humerus through the olecranon and coronoid processes forming the trochlear notch, and with the head of the radius laterally through the radial notch.
    • The shaft of the ulna thick and cylindrical proximally, but tapers distally. Below the coronoid process is the tuberosity of the ulna. The distal end terminates in the head of the ulna and a small conical ulnar styloid process.
    • The radius is the lateral (thumb side) and shorter of the two forearm bones. The proximal end of the radius has a head which articulates with the capitulum of the humerus during flexion and extension of the elbow joint, and articulates laterally with the radial notch of the ulna. The neck of the radius is a constriction below the head, and the oval radial tuberosity is below the medial part of the neck.
    • The shaft of the radius gradually enlarges distally, and is mostly triangular in cross section. The distal end has a concavity called the ulnar notch that accommodates the head of the ulna. The lateral aspect terminates in the styloid process of the radius, which is larger than the ulnar styloid process.
    • The carpus is composed of eight carpal bones:
      • Proximal row (lateral to medial):
        • Scaphoid - articulates proximally with the radius
        • Lunate - between the scaphoid and triquetral bones.
        • Triquetrum - a pyramidal bone.
        • Pisiform - a small, pea-shaped bone.
      • Distal row (lateral to medial):
        • Trapezium - articulates with 1st and 2nd metacarpals, scaphoid, and trapezoid.
        • Trapezoid - resembles the trapezium.
        • Capitate - the largest carpal bone.
        • Hamate - medial side of the hand.
    • The metacarpus forms the skeleton of the palm of the hand, composed of five metacarpal bones. The proximal bases of the metacarpals articulate with the carpal bones, while the distal heads articulate with the proximal phalanges. The first metacarpal (of the thumb) is the thickest and shortest.
    • The digits (fingers) have three phalanges except for the first (the thumb), which has only two. Each phalanx has a base proximally, a shaft (body), and a head distally.
    • The ossification centers of the carpal bones are usually obvious during the 1st year, but may appear before birth. The centers for the capitate and hamate appear first.
    • Fractures of the humerus can injure the:
      • Surgical neck: axillary nerve
      • Radial groove: radial nerve
      • Distal end of humerus: median nerve and brachial artery
      • Medial epicondyle: ulnar nerve
    • A complete transverse fracture of the distal 2 cm of the radius, called a Colles fracture, is is the most common fracture of the forearm. The distal fragment is displaced dorsally, usually caused by trying to break a fall with outstretched arm.

    Muscles of the Back

    • The muscles of the back can be divided into extrinsic and intrinsic groups.
    • Extrinsic back muscles move the upper limb and are divided into superficial and intermediate layers.
      • Superficial layer: Trapezius, Latissimus dorsi, Levator scapulae, Rhomboids.
      • Intermediate layer: Serratus posterior superior, Serratus posterior inferior.
    • Intrinsic back muscles maintain posture and control the movements of the vertebral column, and are also divided into superficial, intermediate, and deep layers.
      • Superficial layer: Splenius cervicis, Splenius capitis.
      • Intermediate layer: Iliocostalis, Longissimus, Spinalis
      • Deep layer: Semispinalis, Multifidus, Rotatores, Interspinales, Intertransversarii, Levatores costarum.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the anatomy of the bones in the upper limb, including the clavicle, scapula, and humerus. Learn about their structures, surfaces, articulations, and functions. Test your knowledge of how these bones contribute to human movement.

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