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Between successive lamellae are ______, each with one osteocyte.
lacunae
All cells of an osteon receive nutrients and oxygen from vessels in the central ______.
canal
The outer boundary of each osteon is called the ______ line.
cement
Canals also communicate with one another through transverse ______ canals.
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Numerous irregularly shaped groups of parallel lamellae are called ______ lamellae.
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Bone remodeling occurs continuously throughout ______.
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Osteoclasts remove old bone and form small, ______-like cavities.
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The antibiotic tetracycline labels new bone under the UV ______.
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Bone tissue provides solid support for the body and protects vital organs such as those in the cranial and ______ cavities.
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Bone tissue serves as a reservoir of calcium, phosphate, and other ______ that can be released or stored.
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Bones form a system of ______ that multiply the forces generated during skeletal muscle contraction.
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Osteocytes are found in cavities called ______ between bone matrix layers.
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_______ are growing cells that synthesize and secrete the organic components of the matrix
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_______ are giant, multinucleated cells involved in removing calcified bone matrix and remodeling bone tissue.
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The internal surfaces of bones are lined by a layer of connective tissue called the ______.
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Depositing the inorganic components of bone depends on the activity of ______.
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The zone of hypertrophy contains swollen, terminally differentiated ______, which compress the matrix into aligned spicules.
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Type X collagen limits diffusion in the matrix and promotes ______ from the adjacent primary ossification center.
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In the zone of calcified cartilage, chondrocytes about to undergo apoptosis release matrix vesicles and ______ to begin matrix calcification.
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In the zone of ossification, bone tissue first appears as capillaries and ______ invade the now vacant chondrocytic lacunae.
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Osteoblasts lay down a layer of new bone on the ______ cartilage matrix.
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The epiphyseal plate does not change thickness because the rates of proliferation and destruction are approximately ______.
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Growth in the circumference of long bones occurs through the activity of osteoblasts developing from ______ cells in the periosteum.
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Calcium deficiency in children can lead to ______, a disease in which the bone matrix does not calcify normally.
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The anterior lobe of the pituitary synthesizes ______, which stimulates the liver to produce insulin-like growth factor-1.
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Lack of growth hormone during the growing years causes ______ dwarfism.
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An excess of growth hormone causes excessive growth of the long bones, resulting in ______.
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In adults, an increase in GH causes ______, where the bones become very thick.
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In rheumatoid arthritis, chronic inflammation causes destruction of the ______ cartilage.
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Joints classified as ______ allow very limited or no movement.
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______ join bones by dense connective tissue only, like the interosseous ligament of the inferior tibiofibular joint.
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Symphyses have a thick pad of ______ between the thin articular cartilage covering the ends of the bones.
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Intervertebral discs are large ______ between the articular surfaces of successive bony vertebral bodies.
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Each disc has an outer portion called the ______ fibrosus, which consists of concentric fibrocartilage laminae.
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The center of the annulus fibrosus contains a gel-like body called the ______ pulposus.
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The nucleus pulposus consists of a viscous fluid matrix rich in ______ and type II collagen fibers.
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A condition called a ______ or herniated disc occurs when there is displacement of the nucleus pulposus.
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Joints classified as ______ permit free bone movement and allow for great mobility.
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In a diarthrosis, a capsule of dense connective tissue maintains proper ______ of the bones.
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The joint cavity in a diarthrosis contains synovial fluid, which is a ______ liquid that lubricates the joint.
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Study Notes
Bone Tissue Overview
- Bone tissue provides structural support, protects organs, produces blood cells, and stores minerals.
- Osteocytes reside in lacunae within the bone matrix, connected via canaliculi.
- Osteoblasts synthesize bone matrix, while osteoclasts resorb bone.
Bone Matrix
- Composed of organic components (collagen, proteoglycans, glycoproteins) and inorganic components (minerals like calcium and phosphate).
- Osteons are cylindrical structures in compact bone, consisting of concentric lamellae surrounding a central canal containing blood vessels and nerves.
- The cement line separates osteons and contains noncollagen proteins.
- Interstitial lamellae represent remnants of partially resorbed osteons.
- External and internal circumferential lamellae surround the osteons.
Bone Remodeling
- Continuous process involving resorption of old bone by osteoclasts and formation of new bone by osteoblasts.
- Tetracycline, an antibiotic, fluoresces under UV light and labels new bone, aiding in studying bone growth.
Endochondral Ossification
- Cartilage model is replaced by bone.
- Zone of resting cartilage: chondrocytes are inactive.
- Zone of proliferation: chondrocytes divide rapidly.
- Zone of hypertrophy: chondrocytes enlarge, secrete type X collagen, and initiate calcification.
- Zone of calcified cartilage: chondrocytes die, leaving behind a scaffold for bone formation.
- Zone of ossification: blood vessels and osteoblasts invade the calcified cartilage, laying down woven bone.
- Woven bone is later remodeled into lamellar bone.
Growth in Bone Length and Width
- Occurs through endochondral ossification at the epiphyseal plate.
- Epiphyseal plate growth stops at maturity.
- Appositional growth increases bone width through osteoblast activity in periosteum.
Metabolic Regulation
- Parathyroid hormone (PTH) stimulates osteoclasts and increases blood calcium levels.
- Calcitonin inhibits osteoclast activity and lowers blood calcium levels.
- Growth hormone (GH) induces the liver to produce IGF-1, which promotes bone growth.
- Deficiency of GH results in dwarfism. Excess GH leads to gigantism during childhood or acromegaly in adults.
Joints
- Regions where bones articulate, providing varying degrees of movement.
- Synarthroses (immovable):
- Synostoses: Bones fused together (e.g., skull bones in adults).
- Syndesmoses: Bones joined by dense connective tissue (e.g., inferior tibiofibular joint).
- Symphyses: Bones separated by fibrocartilage (e.g., intervertebral discs).
- Diarthroses (freely movable): Possess a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid.
- Intervertebral discs: Composed of annulus fibrosus (outer ring) and nucleus pulposus (inner gel-like core).
- Herniated disc: Displacement of the nucleus pulposus, often impacting nerves and causing pain.
Rheumatoid Arthritis
- Chronic inflammation of the synovial membrane causing cartilage destruction and bone erosion.
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Description
Explore the fascinating world of bone tissue, including its structure, types of cells, and the vital processes of bone remodeling. Learn about the composition of the bone matrix and the roles of osteocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts in maintaining healthy bones. This quiz will test your understanding of these essential aspects of skeletal biology.
