Bone Structure and Function Quiz

Study Notes

Bones are covered by a periosteum, which contains nerves and blood vessels supplying nutrients and oxygen. The periosteum is sensitive to pain, protecting the bone.
A dense, compact bone layer surrounds a spongy (cancellous) bone interior. The spongy bone has a network of trabeculae (bony struts) for strength and lightness.
Long bones (e.g., femur) have a marrow cavity (medullary cavity).
In adolescents, the marrow cavity contains red bone marrow, which produces blood cells. In adults, the marrow is typically yellow, composed of fat.
Found at the ends of long bones, articular cartilage reduces friction as bones move.
Bone ends are covered with hyaline cartilage for smooth movement.
During growth, growth plates (epiphyseal plates) are present. As the individual ages, they ossify (transform into bone), becoming the epiphyseal lines, eventually stopping growth. These growth plates are made of cartilage.
Bones have various functions:
- Support and structure for the body
- Protection of vital organs contained within
- Leverage for movement
- Storage of minerals (e.g. calcium)
- Blood cell production

Articular cartilage: reduces friction during joint movement.
Compact bone: dense, strong outer layer of bone providing structural support for the whole bone.
Spongy bone: lightweight, porous bone (interior), providing strength while keeping weight down.
Bone marrow: produces blood cells. Red marrow is found in adolescents and produces blood cells; yellow marrow (fat) can be found in adults.
Periosteum: Tough membrane enclosing the bone. Contains nerves, blood and lymphatic vessels.
Trabeculae: Supporting meshwork of bony struts within spongy bone.
Epiphyseal plate: (growth plate) cartilage present until adulthood.
Epiphyseal line: after closure of growth plates.
Blood vessels: transport nutrients and remove waste products to and from the bone.