Chapter 6 Exam practice

Cartilage Types

• Hyaline cartilage covers bones at joints.
• Hyaline cartilage does not have a perichondrium.

Skeletal System Functions

• Ligaments connect bones to other bones, providing stability to joints.

Cartilage Cells

• Chondroblasts produce the matrix in cartilage.

Skeletal System Components

• The skeletal system consists of bones, cartilage, joints, and ligaments.

Bone Development

• The epiphyseal plate becomes the epiphyseal line in a mature bone .
• Cartilage in the epiphysis of a mature bone is replaced by bone.
• Secondary ossification centers form in the epiphyses of long bones.

Bone Growth

• Appositional growth occurs on old bone and/or on the cartilage surface.

Bone Resorption

• Osteoclasts are responsible for bone resorption.

Cartilage Growth Function

• The perichondrium , a membrane surrounding cartilage, provides nutrients and allows for growth.

Bone Matrix Components

• Hydroxyapatite, a calcium phosphate crystal, is the main inorganic component of bone matrix.

Osteocyte Function

• Osteocytes are mature bone cells within the bone matrix that maintain bone tissue.

Bone Types

• The femur is an example of a long bone.

Epiphyseal Plate Function

• The epiphyseal plate allows for longitudinal growth of long bones.
• Spongy bone has many small spaces and is mainly found in the epiphysis.

Periosteum Function

• The periosteum , a membrane covering the outer surface of bone, provides nutrients, allows for growth, and is involved in repair.

Bone Development Types

• Intramembranous ossification takes place in connective tissue membrane derived from embryonic mesenchyme.
• Endochondral ossification uses hyaline cartilage as a model for bone formation and results in woven bone that is remodeled.

Ossification Locations

• Ossification begins at specific locations in the membrane called ossification centers.

Skull Development

• Large, membrane-covered spaces between developing skull bones are called fontanels.

Bone Remodeling

• Osteoclasts remove bone from the exterior while osteoblasts rebuild it.

Bone Repair

• Callus, a soft tissue mass, forms during bone repair and helps stabilize the fracture.

Hormonal Influence on Bone

• Parathyroid hormone (PTH) stimulates osteoclasts to break down bone and release calcium into the blood.

Calcium Storage

• Bone is the major storage site for calcium in the body.

Skeletal System in Aging

• Decreased bone mass is a characteristic of the aging skeletal system.

Fractures

• A compound fracture occurs when the bone break is accompanied by an open wound.
• African Americans have higher bone masses compared to Caucasians and Asians.
• An incomplete fracture is when the bone break does not extend across the entire bone.
• A buckle fracture or torus fracture occurs on the convex side of the curve of a bone.
• An impacted fracture is when one fragment is driven into the spongy portion of the other fragment.

Take this quiz to test your knowledge on bone remodeling, including bone growth, changes in bone shape, adjustments due to stress, bone repair, and calcium ion regulation. Explore how the relative thickness of bone changes as it grows and understand the processes of osteoclasts and osteoblasts in removing old bone and forming new bone.