Bone Physiology and Classification Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which hormone is primarily responsible for increasing the activity of osteoclasts?

Calcitonin

Parathyroid hormone (correct)

Growth hormone

Calcitriol

Which hormone is least likely to influence bone resorption by osteoclasts?

Growth hormone

Corticosteroids

Calcitonin (correct)

Estrogen

What effect does calcitriol have on bone health?

Decreases bone density

Increases osteoblast activity

Inhibits calcium absorption

Stimulates osteoclast proliferation (correct)

What is the primary role of growth hormone in bone physiology?

Promoting bone mineralization Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following interactions does NOT involve osteoclasts?

Bone formation by osteoblasts Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bone is defined as longer than it is wide and functions primarily as a lever?

Long bones Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the primary classifications of bones based on shape?

Cuboid bones Signup and view all the answers

In which of the following professions would knowledge of bone anatomy and physiology be considered essential?

Orthopedic surgeon Signup and view all the answers

Sesamoid bones are classified primarily based on which characteristic?

Their location Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following bones qualifies as a long bone?

Femur Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bone is typically characterized as having a thin and flattened shape?

Flat bones Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of short bones?

They are shorter than they are wide. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following bones is typically not categorized as an irregular bone?

Sternum Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary structural unit of compact bone?

Osteon Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the arrangement of concentric lamellae in compact bone?

Arranged around the central canal Signup and view all the answers

In the analogy comparing spongy bone to a tree, what part corresponds to the trabeculae?

Branches Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is not a component of compact bone?

Medullary cavity Signup and view all the answers

Which tissue primarily forms the inner structure of long bones?

Spongy bone Signup and view all the answers

What structural feature distinguishes the central canal in an osteon?

Contains blood vessels and nerves Signup and view all the answers

How do osteons contribute to the overall strength of compact bone?

They provide a rigid framework with organized structures Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of compact bone is crucial for its ability to withstand compressive forces?

Dense matrix Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by low blood levels of calcium?

Hypocalcemia Signup and view all the answers

What role does parathyroid hormone (PTH) play in calcium homeostasis?

Stimulates osteoclasts Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin is essential for the absorption of calcium in the small intestine?

Vitamin D Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone inhibits osteoclast activity to decrease blood calcium levels?

Calcitonin Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a good dietary source of calcium?

Leafy greens Signup and view all the answers

What happens during hypercalcemia?

Blood calcium levels are high Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential way to supplement vitamin D in the diet?

Fortifying milk and cereal Signup and view all the answers

What primary function do bones serve concerning calcium?

Bones store calcium Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why the bones of an astronaut become thinner and less dense during a year in space?

Lack of gravitational stress on the bones Signup and view all the answers

Which type of fracture involves a bone breaking into multiple fragments?

Comminuted fracture Signup and view all the answers

What is a key functional reason for a physician to splint a fractured bone?

To maintain proper alignment of the fracture for healing Signup and view all the answers

Which type of fracture typically occurs due to twisting or rotational forces applied to the bone?

Oblique fracture Signup and view all the answers

What impact does the lack of gravity have on bone density for someone in space?

Bone density decreases due to minimal stress on the bone Signup and view all the answers

Which fracture type would most likely occur in a child due to the flexibility of their bones?

Greenstick fracture Signup and view all the answers

What is the classification of a fracture that occurs when the bone is broken in a straight line across its length?

Transverse fracture Signup and view all the answers

What type of fracture is most commonly associated with an injury that causes the broken bone to push into another segment?

Impacted fracture Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary process by which flat bones of the cranium and face are formed?

Intramembranous ossification Signup and view all the answers

During which step of endochondral ossification does the perichondrium transform into the periosteum?

Primary ossification center formation Signup and view all the answers

In endochondral ossification, at which location does mineralization begin?

Diaphysis Signup and view all the answers

What remains at the epiphyseal plate during endochondral ossification to facilitate bone growth in length?

Hyaline cartilage Signup and view all the answers

What is the first type of bone tissue that osteoblasts begin to secrete during intramembranous ossification?

Osteoid Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately characterizes the ossification process of embryonic and fetal skeletons?

A combination of intramembranous and endochondral ossification is used. Signup and view all the answers

What typically surrounds trabecular bone in the formation process of bone?

Compact bone Signup and view all the answers

What cellular transformation occurs as mesenchymal cells group together during intramembranous ossification?

They differentiate into osteoblasts. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 7: Bone Tissue and The Skeletal System

Bone is a solid connective tissue.
The primary function of bone is protection.
Bone strength originates from its internal structure.
Bone is capable of growth and repair after damage.
The skeletal system consists of bone and cartilage.
Functions of the skeletal system include: providing rigid support, allowing movement, protecting organs, storing minerals, storing energy.
Bone functions include: attachment sites for muscles, protection of internal organs, storage of minerals, production of blood cells, storage of adipose tissue.
Hyaline cartilage is present at joint ends, enabling smooth gliding motion; loss of this leads to osteoarthritis.
Fibrocartilage exists in areas requiring resilience, like intervertebral discs and certain joints.
Elastic cartilage is not a component of the skeletal system.
The periosteum covers the outer bone surface, providing protection.
Compact bone forms the outer shell, shielding the inner structure.
Spongy bone holds red bone marrow, crucial for blood cell production.
Yellow bone marrow acts as adipose tissue storage.
Medullary cavity encloses the bone marrow.
Articular cartilage, composed of hyaline cartilage, smooths joint surfaces.
Ligaments join bones.
Common protected organs include the brain, heart, and lungs.
Professionals needing bone anatomy/physiology knowledge include radiologists, orthopedic surgeons, and chiropractors.

Bone Classification

Bones are categorized by shape:
- Long bones (examples: femur, tibia, humerus): longer than wide and act as levers.
- Short bones (examples: carpals, tarsals): cube-like in shape; provide stability.
- Flat bones (examples: ribs, sternum, skull): usually thin, aiding in organ protection.
- Irregular bones (examples: vertebrae, facial bones): unusual shapes, providing varied support.
- Sesamoid bones (examples: patella): small, round, within tendons or ligaments, protecting from compressive force.

Common Structures of a Long Bone

Epiphysis: end of a long bone.
Diaphysis: shaft of a long bone.
Metaphysis: region between epiphysis and diaphysis.
Epiphyseal plate/line: involved in growth; present in children, ossifying to form the line as the bone matures.
Medullary cavity: marrow-filled space; houses yellow or red bone marrow.
Articular cartilage: covers the epiphysis; reduces joint friction.
Periosteum: dense irregular tissue covering the outer surface of most bones; contains blood vessels.
Endosteum: lining of the medullary cavity; contains bone cells crucial for growth.

Cartilage Tissue

Semi-solid connective tissue.
Avascular (lacking blood vessels); receives nutrients through surrounding tissues.
Covered by perichondrium: dense irregular connective tissue encasing cartilage.

Cells of Bone

Osteogenic cells: stem cells that replicate and form osteoblasts.
Osteoblasts: cells forming bone matrix.
Osteocytes: mature osteoblasts residing in lacunae within the matrix.
Osteoclasts: cells breaking down bone matrix, aiding bone remodeling.

Compact Bone

Osteon: structural unit of compact bone.
Concentric lamellae: rings of matrix surrounding central canal.
Central canal: houses blood vessels.
Perforating canals: connect central canals to periosteum, allowing nutrient and waste transport.

Spongy Bone

Trabeculae: beams of bone forming a lattice-like structure; align along stress lines.

Bone Growth and Development

Ossification: process of forming bone (intramembranous and endochondral).
Intramembranous ossification: uses a fibrous connective tissue membrane model to directly create flat bones.
Endochondral ossification: builds long bones using a hyaline cartilage model.

Cartilage Growth

Interstitial growth: due to chondrocyte mitosis, increasing cartilage length.
Appositional growth: occurs as chondrocytes in the perichondrium produce new cartilage matrix, increasing the width and thickness.

Bone Growth in Length

The epiphyseal plate is composed of four zones
- Reserve zone
- Proliferative zone
- Hypertrophic zone
- Calcification zone

Bone Growth in Diameter

Osteoblasts in the periosteum build new bone tissue on the outer surface, while osteoclasts break down bone matrix in the inner surface of the bone.

Bone Remodeling

Bone is constantly broken down and rebuilt for maintenance and adaptation to stress.
Remodeling is caused by injury, exercise, and other activities.
The purpose of bone remodeling is to increase strength along lines of pressure.

Blood Calcium Regulation

Bones store calcium and other minerals.
Hormones (calcitonin and parathyroid hormone) regulate blood calcium levels.
Calcitonin causes the bone to take calcium, reducing blood calcium levels.
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) causes bone to release calcium, increasing blood calcium levels.

Hormones That Influence the Skeletal System

Growth hormone (GH) promotes bone growth.
Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) promote bone growth.
Estrogen and testosterone affect osteoblast activity for bone matrix production.
Calcitriol increases calcium and phosphate absorption from the intestine.
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases osteoclast activity, decreasing bone matrix.
Calcitonin increases osteoblast activity, promoting bone growth, and decreases osteoclast activity.

Bone Repair

Fracture: break in a bone.
Steps in bone repair: hematoma formation, callus formation, callus replacement with bone, and remodeling.

Assistance with Bone Repair

Reduction: aligning fractured bone ends.
Surgical intervention for stabilization utilizes cylinders and screws.

Types of Fractures

Fractures are categorized by complexity, location, and other features.
- Common types: closed (simple), open (compound), transverse, oblique, spiral, comminuted, impacted, greenstick.

Common Types and Description of Fractures

Table with descriptions and examples of different types of fractures.

Summary

Chapter summary for the information covered within it.

Other Key Concepts

Osteoporosis: reduction in bone mass, characterized by an imbalance in bone resorption and formation; often affected by age and rapidly declining estradiol levels (females).
Importance of Vitamin D and its role in calcium absorption.
Lifestyle and its impact on bone density.

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Description

Test your knowledge on bone physiology, including the role of hormones, types of bones, and their classifications. This quiz covers essential details about bone anatomy that are vital for various professions. Challenge yourself to identify the different aspects of bone health and structure.