Questions and Answers
What are the functions of the bones?
Support, Protection, Movement, Storage, Blood cell formation
What are the 2 types of bone?
Compact & spongy
What are the different types of bones?
Long bone, short bone, flat bone, irregular bone
What is compact bone?
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What is spongy bone?
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What are long bones?
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What are short bones?
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What are flat bones?
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What are irregular bones?
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(Long bone structure) What is the diaphysis?
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(Long bone structure) What are epiphyses?
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(Long bone structure) What is the epiphyseal line?
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(Long bone structure) What is the epiphyseal plate?
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(Long bone structure) What is the yellow marrow (or medullary) cavity?
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(Long bone structure) What is red marrow?
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What is bone layout?
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What is the bone membrane?
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Study Notes
Functions of Bones
- Support the body and provide structure.
- Protect vital organs from injury.
- Facilitate movement through attachment to muscles.
- Store essential minerals and fats, particularly calcium and phosphorus.
- Produce blood cells within the bone marrow.
Types of Bone
- Two main types:
- Compact Bone: Dense and smooth in appearance.
- Spongy Bone: Composed of small, needle-like pieces and contains many open spaces.
Classification of Bones
- Long Bones: Longer than wide, with shafts and heads at both ends. Predominantly made of compact bone. Examples include all limb bones except patella and wrist/ankle bones.
- Short Bones: Cube-shaped, primarily spongy bone. Examples include wrist and ankle bones, as well as sesamoid bones like the patella.
- Flat Bones: Thin and curved, featuring two layers of compact bone with a spongy bone layer in between. Examples include skull bones, ribs, and sternum.
- Irregular Bones: Unusual shapes that do not fit into other categories. Examples include vertebrae and hip bones.
Long Bone Structure
- Diaphysis: The shaft of the long bone, primarily made of compact bone, covered by the periosteum, secured with Sharpey's fibers.
- Epiphyses: Ends of the long bone, surrounded by a thin layer of compact bone and filled with spongy bone. Covered in articular cartilage for smooth joint movement.
- Epiphyseal Line: Remnant of the epiphyseal plate in adult bones, marking the location where growth occurred.
- Epiphyseal Plate: Hyaline cartilage in growing bones promoting lengthwise growth, which is replaced by bone at puberty.
- Yellow Marrow Cavity: In adults, serves as a fat storage area; in infants, it produces blood cells and contains red marrow.
- Red Marrow: Found in infants within yellow marrow; in adults, it mainly resides in the spongy bone of flat bones and the epiphyses of long bones.
Bone Layout
- Osteocytes: Mature bone cells located in tiny cavities called lacunae.
- Lacunae: Arranged in concentric circles known as lamellae around central (Haversian) canals.
- Osteon/Haversian System: The structural unit of compact bone, containing central canals for blood vessels and nerves.
- Canaliculi: Tiny canals that connect lacunae to central canals, facilitating nutrient supply to bone cells.
- Perforating (Volkmann’s) Canals: Channels running perpendicular to central canals, aiding communication between the exterior and interior of the bone.
Bone Membrane
- Periosteum: A fibrous connective tissue membrane that covers the outer surface of bones, essential for growth, repair, and nutrient supply.
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Description
Test your knowledge on bone classification and the functions of bones with these flashcards. Explore the differences between compact and spongy bone, and familiarize yourself with various types of bones including long, short, flat, and irregular bones.
