Bone Cement PMMA Overview

Orthopedic Surgery Overview

• Muscles cover bones, facilitating movement in the skeletal system.
• Ligaments stabilize joints by connecting bones, while tendons transmit forces from muscles to bones.
• Cartilage, located at bone ends, provides support, and joints are the connections between bones.

Bone Tissue and Blood Supply

• Two types of bone tissue: cortical (hard outer shell) and cancellous (soft, spongy interior).
• Long bones have a shaft (diaphysis), two ends (epiphysis), and an epiphyseal plate present until maturity.
• The periosteum is a connective tissue covering all bones, essential for fracture repair.

Surgical Instruments for Fracture Fixation

• Sequence includes stabilizing the fracture with a bone holder, drilling, tapping for screws, measuring depth, and inserting screws with a screwdriver.
• A minor count is performed for all orthopedic cases.

Bone Grafts

• Bone grafts fill cavities, repair defects, and promote fracture union.
• Allografts are sourced from tissue banks, while autografts come from the patient's own bone.
• Cancellous bone, rich in vascularity, promotes better integration with host bone.

Bone Cement (PMMA)

• Created by mixing powdered Barium Sulfate with methyl monomer; it is radiopaque.
• Handling requires precaution due to flammability and fume exposure; antibiotic-impregnated cement reduces infection rates.

Prosthetic Handling

• Prosthetics must be handled carefully to prevent contamination or damage.
• Sterilization indicators are essential for implants; all relevant information must be documented.

Fracture Surgery

• Fractures can result from trauma, infection, or diseases like osteoporosis.
• Closed reduction involves manipulating fragments without incisions, confirmed by radiography.
• External fixation provides rigid support for severe fractures and soft tissue management.

Intramedullary Fixation

• IM rods, nails, and pins are utilized to restore fracture integrity, causing less scarring and blood loss.
• Common systems include "Nancy," "Russel-Taylor," and "Gamma" systems.

Knee Arthroscopy

• Consists of two main articulations: femur-tibial plateau and patella-femur.
• The procedure uses a scope for visualization, saline for joint distention, and can lead to quicker recovery.

Hemostatic Agents

• Agents such as Raney clips, neuro patties, bone wax, and Surgicel assist in controlling bleeding during surgery.

Plastic Surgery Techniques

• Dermatomes are essential for harvesting skin grafts; skin meshers help increase graft surface area coverage.
• Pedicle flaps retain original blood supply, while free flaps require a two-team approach for reanastomosis.

Burn Surgery

• Ensuring a warm operating room is crucial to prevent hypothermia.
• Five goals of dressings include immobilization, pressure application, drainage collection, comfort, and wound protection.

Skin Graft Types

• STSG involves epidermis and partial dermis, with rapid donor site healing; potential for skin contractures exists.
• FTSG includes both layers and minimizes contracture risk, better suited for areas of flexion but does not allow for reuse of the donor site.

Cataract Surgery

• Characterized by clouding of the eye lens; extraction can be performed via ECCE or ICCE techniques.
• ECCE involves rupturing the capsule to remove the lens, while ICCE is a less common technique performed on dislocated lenses.

This quiz provides an overview of Bone Cement, specifically Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), including its components and safety precautions during mixing. Learn about the role of the scrub nurse and the necessary measures to ensure a safe operating room environment while handling this highly flammable material.