Bone Cement PMMA Overview

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of tendons in the skeletal system?

To stabilize joints and provide elasticity

To transmit forces from muscles to bones or cartilage (correct)

To connect bones to other bones

To cover and protect the ends of bones

Which type of bone tissue is characterized as being soft and spongy?

Ligamentous bone

Cancellous bone (correct)

Periosteal bone

Cortical bone

What occurs at the epiphyseal plate until skeletal maturity?

Cartilage is replaced by cortical bone

Bone grafting procedures take place

A line of cartilage separates the epiphysis from the diaphysis (correct)

Cancellous bone is formed

What is the first step in the sequence of instruments to fixate a fractured bone?

Hold the bone with the bone holder Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bone graft is obtained from a tissue bank?

Allograft Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the periosteum in bone repair procedures?

It must be removed before fixing a fracture Signup and view all the answers

What characteristics define the structure of long bones?

Includes a diaphysis and two epiphyses Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is correct regarding cancellous bone?

It grows into host bones and promotes healing Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant advantage of using a Full Thickness Skin Graft (FTSG) over a Split Thickness Skin Graft (STSG)?

FTSG causes minimal long-term skin contracture. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the goals of dressings in burn surgery?

To prevent infection at the graft site. Signup and view all the answers

During burn surgery, why is it crucial to keep the room warm?

To reduce the risk of hypothermia due to tissue loss. Signup and view all the answers

What procedure involves removing the lens of the eye within its capsule?

Intra Capsular Cataract Extraction (ICCE). Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about a Split Thickness Skin Graft (STSG) is true?

STSG contains epidermis and a portion of the dermis. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary component mixed with methyl monomer to create bone cement?

Barium Sulfate Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical safety consideration when using methyl monomer in the operating room?

The OR should be well ventilated. Signup and view all the answers

What is one benefit of incorporating antibiotics into PMMA?

It reduces infection rates. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of fracture surgery?

To restore anatomical function. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes closed reduction in fracture surgery?

Manipulation of fragments without skin incision. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of external fixation in orthopedic surgery?

It provides rigid fixation and manages soft tissue wounds. Signup and view all the answers

What type of fracture is associated with a higher risk of infection?

Open fracture Signup and view all the answers

What is the standard procedure after handling a prosthesis?

Document the implant information. Signup and view all the answers

Which biological indicator must be present for an implant to ensure successful sterilization?

A sterile control organism Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential result of excessive exposure to PMMA fumes?

Irritation of respiratory tract and eyes. Signup and view all the answers

What is considered the gold standard for intramedullary fixation due to its advantages?

Intramedullary rods Signup and view all the answers

Which type of prosthetic is used in hip replacements to allow reduced friction?

Unipolar components Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of arthroscopic procedures compared to traditional surgery?

Decreased recovery and rehabilitation time Signup and view all the answers

Which component is prepared first in a Total Hip Replacement surgery?

Acetabulum Signup and view all the answers

Which type of fracture is specifically noted to be treated with intramedullary nails?

Subtrochanteric fracture Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the normal saline irrigation in arthroscopic surgery?

To irrigate and distend the joint Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following ligaments is NOT part of the knee joint structure?

Ulna collateral ligament (UCL) Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary complication associated with traditional plate and screw fixation compared to intramedullary fixation?

Higher risk of infection Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements regarding modular methods in bilateral hip surgery is true?

Allows symmetry in leg lengths and alignment Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the common names for the intramedullary nail systems mentioned?

Russel-Taylor Signup and view all the answers

Which hemostatic agent is specifically designed for scalp hemostasis?

Raney clips Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the galea in cranial surgery?

Connect muscles to the skull Signup and view all the answers

What type of instrument is a Love Adson?

Tissue forceps Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a Mayfield head fixation device during neurosurgery?

To stabilize and prevent head movement Signup and view all the answers

In which type of flap surgery are the original blood vessels reconnected after harvesting?

Free flaps Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of neurosurgery necessitates careful padding of pressure points?

Prolonged surgery times Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial step in counting instruments during a neurosurgical procedure?

Initial count before the procedure starts Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is specifically used to produce uniform slits in a skin graft?

Skin mesher Signup and view all the answers

What is typically a significant risk involved in neurosurgery procedures related to tissue dissection?

Blood transfusions due to high vascularity Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of neuro patties used in neurosurgery?

For hemostatic function Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Orthopedic Surgery Overview

Muscles cover bones, facilitating movement in the skeletal system.
Ligaments stabilize joints by connecting bones, while tendons transmit forces from muscles to bones.
Cartilage, located at bone ends, provides support, and joints are the connections between bones.

Bone Tissue and Blood Supply

Two types of bone tissue: cortical (hard outer shell) and cancellous (soft, spongy interior).
Long bones have a shaft (diaphysis), two ends (epiphysis), and an epiphyseal plate present until maturity.
The periosteum is a connective tissue covering all bones, essential for fracture repair.

Surgical Instruments for Fracture Fixation

Sequence includes stabilizing the fracture with a bone holder, drilling, tapping for screws, measuring depth, and inserting screws with a screwdriver.
A minor count is performed for all orthopedic cases.

Bone Grafts

Bone grafts fill cavities, repair defects, and promote fracture union.
Allografts are sourced from tissue banks, while autografts come from the patient's own bone.
Cancellous bone, rich in vascularity, promotes better integration with host bone.

Bone Cement (PMMA)

Created by mixing powdered Barium Sulfate with methyl monomer; it is radiopaque.
Handling requires precaution due to flammability and fume exposure; antibiotic-impregnated cement reduces infection rates.

Prosthetic Handling

Prosthetics must be handled carefully to prevent contamination or damage.
Sterilization indicators are essential for implants; all relevant information must be documented.

Fracture Surgery

Fractures can result from trauma, infection, or diseases like osteoporosis.
Closed reduction involves manipulating fragments without incisions, confirmed by radiography.
External fixation provides rigid support for severe fractures and soft tissue management.

Intramedullary Fixation

IM rods, nails, and pins are utilized to restore fracture integrity, causing less scarring and blood loss.
Common systems include "Nancy," "Russel-Taylor," and "Gamma" systems.

Knee Arthroscopy

Consists of two main articulations: femur-tibial plateau and patella-femur.
The procedure uses a scope for visualization, saline for joint distention, and can lead to quicker recovery.

Hemostatic Agents

Agents such as Raney clips, neuro patties, bone wax, and Surgicel assist in controlling bleeding during surgery.

Plastic Surgery Techniques

Dermatomes are essential for harvesting skin grafts; skin meshers help increase graft surface area coverage.
Pedicle flaps retain original blood supply, while free flaps require a two-team approach for reanastomosis.

Burn Surgery

Ensuring a warm operating room is crucial to prevent hypothermia.
Five goals of dressings include immobilization, pressure application, drainage collection, comfort, and wound protection.

Skin Graft Types

STSG involves epidermis and partial dermis, with rapid donor site healing; potential for skin contractures exists.
FTSG includes both layers and minimizes contracture risk, better suited for areas of flexion but does not allow for reuse of the donor site.

Cataract Surgery

Characterized by clouding of the eye lens; extraction can be performed via ECCE or ICCE techniques.
ECCE involves rupturing the capsule to remove the lens, while ICCE is a less common technique performed on dislocated lenses.

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Description

This quiz provides an overview of Bone Cement, specifically Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), including its components and safety precautions during mixing. Learn about the role of the scrub nurse and the necessary measures to ensure a safe operating room environment while handling this highly flammable material.