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Questions and Answers
What component makes up 90% of bone protein?
What component makes up 90% of bone protein?
Which cell type is responsible for the maintenance of bone?
Which cell type is responsible for the maintenance of bone?
What is a common fracture site associated with osteoporosis?
What is a common fracture site associated with osteoporosis?
What results from osteomalacia and rickets?
What results from osteomalacia and rickets?
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Which of the following is NOT a cause of osteoporosis?
Which of the following is NOT a cause of osteoporosis?
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Osteomyelitis refers to which condition?
Osteomyelitis refers to which condition?
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Achondroplasia primarily affects which part of the body?
Achondroplasia primarily affects which part of the body?
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Which mechanism is NOT associated with osteonecrosis?
Which mechanism is NOT associated with osteonecrosis?
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Study Notes
Normal Bone Composition
- Normal bone is comprised of organic and inorganic matrix
- Organic matrix includes cells, type 1 collagen (90% of bone protein), and glycoproteins
- Inorganic matrix includes calcium, magnesium, potassium, chloride, sodium, and fluoride
Bone Functions
- Provides structural support for soft tissues, such as muscles
- Protects soft organs and tissues like the brain and bone marrow
- Acts as a mineral reservoir, regulating calcium and phosphate levels in the blood
Bone Cells
- Osteoblasts are responsible for bone formation
- Osteocytes maintain bone; they are former osteoblasts embedded in the matrix
- Osteoclasts are responsible for bone resorption
Hereditary Bone Disorder: Achondroplasia
- Long bones are short and thick, leading to dwarfism with short extremities
- Cranial and vertebral bones are typically unaffected, resulting in a relatively large head and trunk
- Intelligence, lifespan, and reproductive ability are normal in this condition
Osteoporosis
- A condition of decreased bone mass, also known as osteopenia
- Results in fragile bones prone to fracture from minimal impact trauma
Osteoporosis Causes
- Primary: Post-menopausal and senile (aging)
- Secondary: Various factors including metabolic diseases, gastrointestinal disorders, vitamin deficiencies, chronic illnesses, and drug use (e.g., corticosteroids)
Osteoporosis Symptoms and Diagnosis
- Fractures: Common in vertebrae (compression fractures), femoral neck (hip fractures), distal radius (Colles' fractures)
- Kyphosis and height loss: May occur
- X-rays: Show generalized radiolucency (thinning) of bone, indicative of osteopenia
Osteomalacia and Rickets
- Both conditions involve decreased bone mineralization in newly formed bone tissue
- Osteomalacia occurs in adults; rickets in children
- Typically caused by vitamin D deficiency or abnormal vitamin D metabolism
Osteonecrosis
- Also called avascular necrosis, this is ischemic necrosis characterized by bone infarction
- Mechanisms include vascular compression or disruption (e.g., after fracture)
- Other causes include steroid administration, thromboembolic disease, primary vessel disease (e.g., vasculitis), and sickle cell crisis
Osteomyelitis
- Inflammation of bone and marrow, often secondary to systemic infection but also occurs as a primary isolated infection
- Usually caused by pyogenic bacteria or Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- Can be acute or chronic, significantly impacting the affected tissue.
Osteoarthritis
- A degenerative joint disease
- Characterized by joint degeneration and loss of articular cartilage, without significant inflammation
- Risks increase with age; affects at least one joint in 80% of people over 70
Rheumatoid Arthritis
- Systemic chronic inflammatory disorder
- Characterized by progressive arthritis, production of rheumatoid factor, and extra-articular symptoms or involvement
- More prevalent in women at a 4:1 ratio compared to men, with highest incidence in the 20-50 age range
Target Tissues for Different Conditions
- Rheumatoid arthritis: Synovial tissue
- Osteoarthritis: Hyaline cartilage
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Description
Test your knowledge on normal bone composition, functions, and the various types of bone cells. Additionally, explore hereditary disorders like Achondroplasia and their implications. This quiz will assess your understanding of bone structure and its significance in the body.
