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Questions and Answers
What is the primary characteristic of ionic compounds?
What is the primary characteristic of ionic compounds?
- They are formed from metal and nonmetal ions. (correct)
- They do not dissolve in water.
- They have low melting points.
- They consist of only nonmetals.
How can the chemical formula of an ionic compound be determined?
How can the chemical formula of an ionic compound be determined?
- By taking the average of the charge numbers.
- By adding the charge numbers of the ions.
- By criss-crossing the charge numbers and reducing to the lowest ratio. (correct)
- By multiplying the charge numbers of the ions.
What allows ionic compounds to conduct electricity in a molten or dissolved state?
What allows ionic compounds to conduct electricity in a molten or dissolved state?
- The movement of free electrons.
- The solid structure of the compound.
- The free movement of ions. (correct)
- The presence of covalent bonds.
Which of the following describes covalent bonding?
Which of the following describes covalent bonding?
What type of structure results when hydrogen and oxygen atoms bond covalently in water?
What type of structure results when hydrogen and oxygen atoms bond covalently in water?
In Lewis structures, how are bonding pair electrons commonly represented?
In Lewis structures, how are bonding pair electrons commonly represented?
What is the term for electrons that are not involved in bonding and are only present on one atom?
What is the term for electrons that are not involved in bonding and are only present on one atom?
What is a consequence of the strong attractive forces in ionic compounds?
What is a consequence of the strong attractive forces in ionic compounds?
What is the primary purpose of bonding theories in chemistry?
What is the primary purpose of bonding theories in chemistry?
Who developed the Lewis theory of bonding?
Who developed the Lewis theory of bonding?
In Lewis theory, how are valence electrons represented?
In Lewis theory, how are valence electrons represented?
What is the significance of 8 valence electrons in Lewis structures?
What is the significance of 8 valence electrons in Lewis structures?
What is the maximum number of dots that can be placed on any one side of the element's symbol in a Lewis structure?
What is the maximum number of dots that can be placed on any one side of the element's symbol in a Lewis structure?
What happens when drawing Lewis structures for elements according to the predicted method?
What happens when drawing Lewis structures for elements according to the predicted method?
Which element is an exception in terms of having 2 valence electrons but classified in Group 8A?
Which element is an exception in terms of having 2 valence electrons but classified in Group 8A?
Why is Lewis theory still widely used despite the existence of more advanced bonding theories?
Why is Lewis theory still widely used despite the existence of more advanced bonding theories?
What does a structural formula use to represent a bond between two atoms?
What does a structural formula use to represent a bond between two atoms?
Which of the following accurately describes a lone pair of electrons?
Which of the following accurately describes a lone pair of electrons?
Which of the following properties is NOT characteristic of covalent compounds?
Which of the following properties is NOT characteristic of covalent compounds?
What alteration should be made when drawing the Lewis structure of a polyatomic ion?
What alteration should be made when drawing the Lewis structure of a polyatomic ion?
To draw the Lewis structure for the CN− ion, what must be done with the total number of valence electrons?
To draw the Lewis structure for the CN− ion, what must be done with the total number of valence electrons?
Which of the following best defines a polyatomic ion?
Which of the following best defines a polyatomic ion?
What happens to covalent compounds' melting points compared to ionic compounds?
What happens to covalent compounds' melting points compared to ionic compounds?
Which of the following examples involves nonmetals sharing electrons?
Which of the following examples involves nonmetals sharing electrons?
What is the total number of electrons in the CN− ion after accounting for its charge?
What is the total number of electrons in the CN− ion after accounting for its charge?
How is a triple bond formed in the Lewis structure of the CN− ion?
How is a triple bond formed in the Lewis structure of the CN− ion?
What significant limitation does the Lewis theory have in predicting certain molecular structures?
What significant limitation does the Lewis theory have in predicting certain molecular structures?
What is true about the octet rule with respect to boron?
What is true about the octet rule with respect to boron?
Which of the following molecules is an example of an expanded octet?
Which of the following molecules is an example of an expanded octet?
Which of the following options describes the electron configuration of a molecule that contains 11 total electrons?
Which of the following options describes the electron configuration of a molecule that contains 11 total electrons?
What distinguishes artificial sweeteners like saccharin from regular sugars?
What distinguishes artificial sweeteners like saccharin from regular sugars?
What is the primary reaction that occurs during the metabolism of sucrose according to the information?
What is the primary reaction that occurs during the metabolism of sucrose according to the information?
What characteristic of water makes it a polar molecule?
What characteristic of water makes it a polar molecule?
Why do polar and nonpolar molecules not mix well?
Why do polar and nonpolar molecules not mix well?
What role does soap play when washing greasy hands?
What role does soap play when washing greasy hands?
What is the primary reason water molecules form distinct regions when mixed with oil?
What is the primary reason water molecules form distinct regions when mixed with oil?
What does VSEPR theory help predict?
What does VSEPR theory help predict?
Which of the following describes the relationship between electronegativity and bond polarity?
Which of the following describes the relationship between electronegativity and bond polarity?
In the context of molecular interactions, how do polar molecules behave?
In the context of molecular interactions, how do polar molecules behave?
How do polar molecules interact at a molecular level?
How do polar molecules interact at a molecular level?
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Study Notes
Bonding Theories
- Bonding theories explain the shapes of molecules. Molecular shape dictates physical and chemical properties.
- Chemical bonds are the attractive forces between atoms.
Lewis Theory
- Lewis theory, developed by G.N. Lewis, uses Lewis structures (dot structures) to represent molecules.
- Lewis theory predicts the formation and structure of stable molecules.
- Modern chemistry uses more advanced bonding theories, but Lewis theory is still useful for simple predictions.
Lewis Structures
- Valence electrons of main group elements are represented by dots surrounding the element symbol.
- Number of valence electrons corresponds to the group number of the element (except helium).
- Atoms with eight valence electrons, considered stable, are known as an octet.
Ionic Bonds
- Formed from the combination of a metal and a nonmetal.
- Opposites attract, so opposite charges form the bond.
- Ionic compounds are typically crystalline solids at room temperature.
- They have strong bonds due to large attractive forces.
- Ionic compounds have high melting points.
- They are generally soluble in water, where they break into ions.
- Ionic compounds conduct electricity in molten or dissolved states because ions move freely.
Covalent Bonds
- Formed when nonmetals bond with other nonmetals.
- Electrons are shared between atoms in molecular (covalent) compounds.
- Covalent bonds allow atoms to achieve octets (or duets for hydrogen) by sharing electrons.
Polar Bonds and Polar Molecules
- A polar bond is a covalent bond where electrons are unequally shared due to differences in electronegativity between atoms.
- Electronegativity is a measure of an atom's ability to attract electrons.
Polyatomic Ions
- Molecules with a charge.
- Atoms within the ion are bonded together with covalent bonds.
- To draw structural formulas for polyatomic ions, adjust valence electrons to achieve the desired charge.
Exceptions to the Octet Rule
- Lewis theory has exceptions.
- Atoms with odd numbers of electrons, some of which exist in nature, cannot be perfectly represented by Lewis structures.
- Boron (B) often only forms compounds with 6 electrons around it, rather than 8.
- Elements like sulfur (S) and phosphorus (P) can have expanded octets with more than 8 electrons around the central atom.
Importance of Molecular Shape
- Molecular shape is crucial for many aspects of chemistry and biology.
- It affects how molecules interact with each other and with other substances.
- It can influence the function of molecules, such as enzymes and medications.
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