HGST
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Questions and Answers

What happens to the pitch attitude at launch as the range increases?

  • It decreases
  • It remains constant
  • It becomes more unpredictable
  • It increases (correct)

    • What is the primary kill mechanism of explosive munitions?

  • Fragmentation (correct)
  • Shaped charge
  • Spall
  • Blast

    • What is produced by the target structure itself when a weapon strikes?

  • Spall (correct)
  • Fragmentation
  • Blast
  • Recoil

    • What can cause significant variation in first and subsequent round placements?

    <p>Faulty recoil adapters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the angular rate error effectively negligible for?

    <p>30-mm projectiles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes a projectile's characteristics and effects on a target?

    <p>Terminal ballistics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is more sensitive to down-wash effects than 30-mm projectiles?

    <p>Rockets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is influenced by fuze and warhead functioning, impact angle, and surface condition?

    <p>Projectile functioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Bump in a diving/running fire profile?

    <p>To deliver ordnance in a nose-down angle to achieve smaller beaten zones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is dispersion in the context of artillery fire?

    <p>The degree of scatter of rounds in range and azimuth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of selecting an Initial Point (IP) in diving/running fire?

    <p>To provide time and space to set up a running or diving fire attack</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is RMAX in the context of artillery fire?

    <p>The distance at which a defined target can be hit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of terrain may eliminate the need for a Bump in a diving/running fire profile?

    <p>Mountainous terrain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most useful weapons range for tactical planning?

    <p>Maximum effective range (RMe)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many types of ballistics are there?

    <p>4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Perch in a diving/running fire profile?

    <p>To enter a diving profile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct format for the observer's initial call to the aircraft?

    <p>_________________, ________________ this is, fire mission, over.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What information is included in the Target Location element?

    <p>Bearing (magnetic) and range (meters), grid coordinates, etc.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Remarks element?

    <p>To provide additional information, such as clearance, danger close, or threats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of stating 'danger close' in the Remarks element?

    <p>The observer or commander must accept responsibility for increased risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of stating 'at my command' in the Remarks element?

    <p>For positive control of the aircraft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct response from the aircraft when ready to fire?

    <p>Ready to fire</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of airspace clearance between the employing aircraft and the target?

    <p>Transmission of this brief is clearance to fire unless otherwise stated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of including the observer's or commander's initials in the Remarks element?

    <p>To accept responsibility for increased risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for verifying torque during rocket engagements?

    <p>To prevent torque changes that affect the distance rockets fly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of using the four T's (target, torque, trim, and target) during rocket engagements?

    <p>To enhance the accuracy of the aircraft's weapon systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of steep dive angles (>25 degrees) during rocket engagements?

    <p>An increase in flight safety challenges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern when flying at high rates of descent and high flight-path speeds during rocket engagements?

    <p>Rate of closure with the terrain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of steep dive angles on rocket dispersion around the aim point?

    <p>It compresses the range error and results in less dispersion around the aim point</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern when a pilot experiences target fixation during rocket engagements?

    <p>Flying the aircraft into the ground</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of verifying trim during rocket engagements?

    <p>To eliminate any vertical drift during rocket firing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of mushing during rocket engagements?

    <p>Difficult dive recoveries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the 'Capture' call indicate during a missile engagement?

    <p>The designating aircraft has captured the laser spot on the target.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the 'Laser on, time flight, _____ seconds' call during a LOAL engagement?

    <p>To provide the firing platform with the time of flight and delay time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of the 'Buddy Laser' technique?

    <p>Simplified remote engagement while maintaining advantages of remote Hellfire employment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key consideration when initiating the 'Buddy Laser' sequence?

    <p>The shooting aircraft should be on roughly the same heading to the target as the designator's LTL.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the Shift Cold Procedure?

    <p>To abort a missile engagement with a missile in flight.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who typically initiates the 'Buddy Laser' sequence?

    <p>The Air Mission Commander (AMC).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using the 'Buddy Laser' technique in terms of backscatter?

    <p>It reduces the risk of backscatter.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the 'Buddy Laser' technique to be used in close proximity to the shooting aircraft?

    <p>To reduce the risk of the missile tracking on the designator.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Diving/Running Fire Profile

    • Maximize benefits of both running and diving fire with a low-altitude run-in and a 300- to 1,000-foot climb (Bump) about 1,500 to 2,000 meters prior to the target.
    • In mountainous terrain, the relative position of the sloping terrain provides the same effect, eliminating the need for a Bump.

    Initial Point (IP)

    • IP is selected about 8 to 10 kilometers from the target to provide time and space to set up a running or diving fire attack.
    • IP should be a readily identifiable terrain feature or a TSD/C-Scope icon.

    Dispersion

    • Dispersion is the degree of scatter (or variance of range and azimuth) of rounds, caused by the combination of weapons design and ballistic errors.
    • Dispersion and accuracy determine whether a particular weapon can hit an intended target.

    Ranges

    • Kinematic range is the maximum distance that a round can physically fly.
    • RMAX is the distance at which a defined target can be hit (though not necessarily defeated).
    • Maximum effective range (RMe) is the distance at which there is a 50-percent probability of both hitting and defeating a target.

    Ballistics

    • Four types of ballistics: interior, exterior, aerial, and terminal.
    • Aircraft pitch attitude at launch increases as range increases, resulting in steeper impact angle.
    • Launch platform altitude also affects impact angle.

    Fragmentation

    • Fragmentation is the primary kill mechanism of explosive munitions.
    • Fragmentation travels further than blast and is more versatile than shaped charges.
    • Spall is produced when a weapon strikes a target, releasing high-speed debris that can cause considerable damage.

    Gunship CFF Format

    • Observer and Warning Order: “[Aircraft call sign], [observer call sign], this is [observer call sign], fire mission, over.”
    • Friendly Location and Mark: “My position [grid], marked by [strobe, beacon, etc.].”
    • Target Location: “Target Location [bearing (magnetic) and range (meters), grid, etc.].”
    • Target Description and Mark: “[Target description], marked by [infrared pointer, tracer, etc.].”
    • Remarks: “[Clearance, danger close, at my command, threats, restrictions, etc.], over.”

    Rocket Engagements

    • Use the four T’s (target, torque, trim, and target) to enhance accuracy.
    • Verify torque and trim to maintain altitude and eliminate angular rate error.
    • Steep dive angles (>25 degrees) result in large rates of change in aircraft flight parameters and present flight safety challenges.
    • Target fixation can cause a pilot to fly the aircraft into the ground.
    • Mushing may make dive recoveries difficult.
    • Steeper dive angles compress the range error for rockets significantly and result in less dispersion around the rocket aim point.

    Laser and Remote Designation

    • Capture call indicates the designating aircraft is in position and has “captured” the laser spot on the target.
    • LOAL (Lock-On After Launch) sequence: “Laser on, time flight, _____ seconds”, based on range/time of flight and required/maximum delay time.
    • Buddy Laser technique is a simplified remote engagement used by aircraft within a flight/team.
    • Shift Cold Procedure is a risk avoidance method when aborting a missile engagement with a missile in flight.

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    This quiz covers HGST

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