26 Questions
What is the main function of the conducting zone in the respiratory system?
Phonation
Which of the following is NOT a function of the upper respiratory tract?
Conducting zone
In the respiratory system, where does gas exchange with the environment primarily occur?
Alveoli
What is the role of negative pressure in the respiratory system?
Controlling pH levels
Which structure in the upper respiratory tract is responsible for olfaction?
Superior meatus
What is the main function of the paranasal sinuses in the respiratory system?
Decrease weight
What is the primary function of the Bohr effect in the transport of respiratory gases?
To facilitate the unloading of oxygen from hemoglobin in the tissues
When HCO3- diffuses out of the red blood cell along its concentration gradient, what happens to Cl-?
Cl- diffuses into the red blood cell along the electrochemical gradient
What is the primary function of the pneumotaxic area of the pons?
To coordinate the transition between inspiration and expiration
What is the primary function of the Hering-Breuer reflex?
To inhibit the inspiratory neurons and shorten inspiration
What is the primary function of the carotid and aortic bodies as chemoreceptors?
To detect changes in arterial PO2
What is the relationship between arteriolar PCO2 and total minute volume (TMV)?
Arteriolar PCO2 is inversely proportional to TMV
Why do pulmonary arterioles constrict in response to low PO2, unlike systemic arterioles?
To decrease blood flow to the lungs and prevent pulmonary edema
What is the primary function of the respiratory rhythmicity center located in the medulla oblongata?
To generate the basic respiratory rhythm
How does hypoxia affect the sensitivity of chemoreceptors to PCO2?
Hypoxia increases the sensitivity of chemoreceptors to PCO2
What is the primary function of the unmyelinated C-fibers in the lungs?
To detect irritants and stimulate the cough reflex
What is the main factor that determines the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood?
The concentration of hemoglobin
How does the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen change at high altitudes?
The affinity increases due to the lower partial pressure of oxygen
What is the role of 2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid (2,3-DPG) in the oxygen dissociation curve?
2,3-DPG decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen
How does the Bohr effect influence the oxygen dissociation curve?
The Bohr effect shifts the curve to the right, decreasing the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen
What is the primary role of fetal hemoglobin (Hb F) compared to adult hemoglobin (Hb A)?
Hb F has a higher affinity for oxygen, allowing for efficient oxygen transfer from the mother to the fetus
What is the main function of the chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies?
To detect changes in blood oxygen levels and adjust respiratory rate accordingly
What is the primary role of the stretch receptors in the lungs?
To detect changes in lung volume and adjust the respiratory rate
How does sickle-cell anemia affect the oxygen dissociation curve?
Sickle-cell anemia causes the oxygen dissociation curve to become linear
What is the primary mechanism by which carbon dioxide is transported in the blood?
A combination of all the above mechanisms
How does the carbonic anhydrase enzyme in red blood cells (RBCs) affect the transport of carbon dioxide?
Carbonic anhydrase speeds up the conversion of CO2 to bicarbonate in RBCs
Test your knowledge on the Bohr effect, Oxyhemoglobin association, and factors affecting O2 unloading and CO2 transport in the blood. Understand the relationship between H+ ions, carbonic acid production, and the role of HCO3- and Cl- in RBCs.
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