Body's Defense System - Unit 1 Lesson 2

Questions and Answers

Which acute-phase protein is responsible for inhibiting or destroying microbes?

Proteins produced in the liver (correct)

Granulocytes

Interferons

Cytokines

Granulocytes do not contain granules in their cells.

False

What is the primary role of cytokines in the immune response?

Communication between cells

_____ are white blood cells that directly attack or destroy other cells.

Natural Killer Cells Signup and view all the answers

Match the following white blood cell types with their functions:

Neutrophils = Phagocytosis of bacteria Eosinophils = Protection against protozoa and helminths Basophils = Release of histamine during allergic reactions Monocytes = Differentiation into macrophages and dendritic cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of B lymphocytes in adaptive immunity?

Mediate humoral immunity Signup and view all the answers

Self-tolerance ensures each lymphocyte is unresponsive to external antigens.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of MHC molecules during antigen processing?

To present processed antigen fragments on the surface of antigen-presenting cells. Signup and view all the answers

The _______ immune response is faster and more effective than the primary response.

secondary Signup and view all the answers

Match the lymphocyte types with their functions:

B Lymphocytes = Humoral immunity T Lymphocytes = Cellular immunity Cytokines = Immune response signaling APCs = Antigen capturing Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in the primary immune response?

Activation of immune response Signup and view all the answers

Dendritic cells are a type of T lymphocyte.

False Signup and view all the answers

What transforms B lymphocytes into plasma cells?

Cellular proliferation and differentiation during the immune response. Signup and view all the answers

What type of cell transforms into plasma cells responsible for antibody production?

B cells Signup and view all the answers

Antibodies are known for producing antigens in the immune response.

False Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main types of memory cells mentioned in the immune response?

Memory B cells and memory T cells Signup and view all the answers

The peak immune response involves antibodies that circulate through the bloodstream, targeting and binding to __________.

antigens Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their descriptions:

Plasma cells = Produce antibodies Antibodies = Y-shaped proteins that bind antigens Memory cells = Remember pathogen characteristics B cells = Transform into plasma cells Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a physical barrier in the body's defense system?

Granulocytes Signup and view all the answers

Sebum contributes to the body's defense by creating a moist environment favorable for microbial growth.

False Signup and view all the answers

What role do mucous membranes play in the body’s defense system?

They cover and protect cells by trapping debris and microbes. Signup and view all the answers

The _______ punctum in our eyes helps protect against pathogens by aiding tear drainage.

lacrimal Signup and view all the answers

Match the components of the immune system with their respective functions:

Granulocytes = Cellular defense against pathogens Sebum = Creates harsh environment for microbes Tears = Contain antimicrobial proteins Mucociliary escalator = Helps trap and remove particles Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Body's Defense System Overview

The defense system consists of external and internal components working together to protect against pathogens.
Primary focus areas include physical barriers, chemical defenses, and cellular responses.

Defense Mechanisms

First Line of Defense:
- Physical barriers (e.g., skin epithelium) prevent pathogens from entering.
- Chemical barriers (e.g., enzymes, antimicrobial peptides) inhibit microbial growth.
Second Line of Defense:
- Cellular responses involve various white blood cells (WBCs) engaging in immune reactions.

Physical Barriers

Skin: Composed of keratinized cells providing toughness against bacteria, supported by fatty acids and sebum to create an inhospitable environment.
Lacrimal Mechanism: Tears contain defensins and lysozyme that offer protective functions for the eyes.
Mucous Membranes: Trap debris and microbes, helping to protect underlying tissues with mechanisms like mucociliary escalators.

Chemical and Cellular Defenses

Acute-Phase Proteins: Produced in the liver in response to inflammation, these proteins inhibit or destroy microbes.
Cytokines: Soluble proteins facilitate communication between immune cells, influencing their actions during infections.
- Types include interferons (inhibit viral replication) and interleukins (stimulate leukocyte function).

White Blood Cells (WBCs)

Granulocytes: Contain granules; types include neutrophils (combat bacteria), eosinophils (against protozoa and helminths), and basophils (involved in allergic responses).
Agranulocytes: Lack granules; include monocytes (which differentiate into macrophages) and natural killer cells (target infected or tumors).

Adaptive Immunity

Characteristics: Exhibits memory (response speed) and specificity (targeting unique pathogens).
- B Lymphocytes: Mediate humoral immunity by producing antibodies.
- T Lymphocytes: Drive cellular immunity to eliminate intracellular pathogens.

Immunological Memory

Primary Immune Response:
- Activation starts with antigen-presenting cells (APCs) capturing antigens.
- Involves stages such as antigen processing, T-cell differentiation, and antibody production from B cells, leading to the peak immune response.
Secondary Immune Response:
- Faster and more robust response due to memory B and T cells, which recognize previously encountered pathogens.

Steps to Strengthen the Immune System

Develop good nutrition habits to support immune function.
Engage in regular physical activity to boost overall health.
Maintain adequate sleep hygiene to facilitate immune responses.

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Description

Explore the complex mechanisms of the body's defense system in this quiz based on Unit 1, Lesson 2. Learn about the different lines of defense, the role of antibodies, and ways to strengthen your immune system. Ideal for students studying the fundamentals of human biology.