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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of aldosterone in the body?
What is the primary function of aldosterone in the body?
Which hormone triggers the conversion of calcidiol to calcitriol in the kidneys?
Which hormone triggers the conversion of calcidiol to calcitriol in the kidneys?
Which animal species has the highest number of nephrons per kidney?
Which animal species has the highest number of nephrons per kidney?
What is a distinctive feature of the juxtamedullary nephron compared to the cortical nephron?
What is a distinctive feature of the juxtamedullary nephron compared to the cortical nephron?
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Can nephrons regenerate fully if damaged?
Can nephrons regenerate fully if damaged?
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Which part of the kidney contains the renal corpuscle?
Which part of the kidney contains the renal corpuscle?
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How do the efferent arterioles of nephrons contribute to urine concentration?
How do the efferent arterioles of nephrons contribute to urine concentration?
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What percentage of total body weight is made up of intracellular fluid (ICF)?
What percentage of total body weight is made up of intracellular fluid (ICF)?
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Intracellular fluid (ICF) is found where in the body?
Intracellular fluid (ICF) is found where in the body?
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Which of the following fluids is considered part of extracellular fluid (ECF)?
Which of the following fluids is considered part of extracellular fluid (ECF)?
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What makes up the extracellular fluid (ECF) and is located within the ears?
What makes up the extracellular fluid (ECF) and is located within the ears?
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How is water primarily brought into ro formed in the body?
How is water primarily brought into ro formed in the body?
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Which organ plays a central role in regulating the volume and ion concentration of extracellular fluid (ECF)?
Which organ plays a central role in regulating the volume and ion concentration of extracellular fluid (ECF)?
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What is NOT listed as a way water is lost from the body?
What is NOT listed as a way water is lost from the body?
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Why won't injecting fluids in one ECF location affect other locations?
Why won't injecting fluids in one ECF location affect other locations?
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What is the primary role of renin in the RAAS pathway?
What is the primary role of renin in the RAAS pathway?
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What is the primary function of the glomerulus?
What is the primary function of the glomerulus?
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What is the function of aldosterone in the RAAS pathway?
What is the function of aldosterone in the RAAS pathway?
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Which structure reabsorbs water, sodium, and chloride in the kidney?
Which structure reabsorbs water, sodium, and chloride in the kidney?
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Why do ACE inhibitors work to lower blood pressure?
Why do ACE inhibitors work to lower blood pressure?
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Why do substances like myoglobin, hemoglobin, and albumin stay within the blood?
Why do substances like myoglobin, hemoglobin, and albumin stay within the blood?
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What is the direct effect of angiotensin 2 on blood vessels?
What is the direct effect of angiotensin 2 on blood vessels?
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Which statement is true in regards to the influence of charge on glomerular filtration?
Which statement is true in regards to the influence of charge on glomerular filtration?
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What is the end result of aldosterone promoting sodium and water reabsorption in the kidneys?
What is the end result of aldosterone promoting sodium and water reabsorption in the kidneys?
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What happens to substances bound to transport proteins in terms of kidney filtration?
What happens to substances bound to transport proteins in terms of kidney filtration?
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Which component of RAAS is responsible for converting angiotensinogen into angiotensin 1?
Which component of RAAS is responsible for converting angiotensinogen into angiotensin 1?
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Which part of the nephron is responsible for absorbing most of the water and solutes?
Which part of the nephron is responsible for absorbing most of the water and solutes?
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What happens to tubular filtrate as it passes through the nephron's tubular system?
What happens to tubular filtrate as it passes through the nephron's tubular system?
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What is the main property of substances that are filtered through the glomerulus?
What is the main property of substances that are filtered through the glomerulus?
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What initiates the RAAS pathway in response to low blood pressure?
What initiates the RAAS pathway in response to low blood pressure?
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What is the main driving force for filtration of fluid from glomerular capillaries into Bowmans Space?
What is the main driving force for filtration of fluid from glomerular capillaries into Bowmans Space?
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What characteristic makes cationic substances more easily filtered in the glomerulus?
What characteristic makes cationic substances more easily filtered in the glomerulus?
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What is the difference between osmolality and osmolarity in relation to temperature dependence?
What is the difference between osmolality and osmolarity in relation to temperature dependence?
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Which type of fluid undergoes constant modification through tubular reabsorption to become 'final urine'?
Which type of fluid undergoes constant modification through tubular reabsorption to become 'final urine'?
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What does osmotic/oncotic pressure do with regards to the movement of water?
What does osmotic/oncotic pressure do with regards to the movement of water?
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What triggers the release of ADH, leading to the production of more concentrated urine?
What triggers the release of ADH, leading to the production of more concentrated urine?
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Study Notes
Urinary Tract System
- Consists of the urinary bladder, ureters, urethra, and kidneys
RAAS (Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System)
- Pathway:
- Step 1: Kidneys sense low blood pressure, releasing renin from the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)
- Step 2: Renin converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin 1
- Step 3: ACE converts angiotensin 1 into angiotensin 2
- Step 4: Angiotensin 2 causes vasoconstriction, increasing blood pressure and stimulating adrenal glands to secrete aldosterone
- Step 5: Aldosterone promotes sodium and water reabsorption in the kidneys, increasing blood volume and pressure
Glomerular Filtration
- Glomerulus filters blood, forming primary urine
- Majority of water and solute absorption occurs in the proximal tubules
- Thin limbs of Henle's Loop reabsorb water, sodium, and chloride
- Glomerulus has a semi-permeable membrane, filtering molecules based on molecular weight
- Filterability is impacted by electrical charge and plasma protein binding
Body Water
- 60% of total body weight is water
- 20% of water is extracellular fluid (ECF), including plasma, interstitial fluid, and transcellular water
- 40% of water is intracellular fluid (ICF)
- ECF includes transcellular water in various bodily fluids (e.g., lymph, cerebrospinal fluid, aqueous humor)
Water Balance
- Water is gained through drinking, eating, and metabolic water production
- Water is lost through urine, sweat, exhaled water vapor, and feces
- Kidneys regulate and stabilize ECF volume and ion concentration
Calcitriol Synthesis
- Pathway:
- Step 1: Low calcium levels trigger PTH release
- Step 2: PTH stimulates kidney enzyme 1-alpha hydroxylase to convert calcidiol into calcitriol
- Step 3: Calcitriol increases intestinal calcium reabsorption, increasing blood calcium levels
Nephrons of the Kidneys
- Functional units of the kidneys
- Humans have approximately 1 million nephrons per kidney
- Nephrons can partially regenerate but cannot be replaced
- Two types of nephrons: cortical and juxtamedullary
- Cortical nephrons have short Loops of Henle and use peritubular capillaries for blood supply
- Juxtamedullary nephrons have long Loops of Henle and use long straight capillaries (vasa recta) for blood supply
Nephron Structure
- Renal corpuscle (Malpighian body) is located in the renal cortex
- Primary urine accumulates in Bowman's Space
- Tubular fluid is modified by tubular reabsorption and becomes "final urine"
Osmolality and Osmolarity
- Osmolality is the number of osmoles of solute per kilogram of solvent
- Osmolality is not temperature-dependent, making it suitable for living organisms
- Osmolarity is temperature-dependent
- Osmotic/oncotic pressure pulls water towards higher solute concentrations
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Description
Test your knowledge on the distribution of body water, including the composition of extracellular fluid (ECF) and intracellular fluid (ICF). Identify where transcellular water is located within the body.
