Body Systems and Specialists

Body Systems and Specialists

• Cardiovascular System is treated by a Cardiologist
• Nervous System is treated by a Neurologist
• Integumentary System is treated by a Dermatologist
• Digestive System is treated by a Gastroenterologist
• Lymphatic System is treated by a Lymphologist
• Reproductive System (female) is treated by a Gynecologist
• The Urinary or Reproductive System (male) is treated by a Urologist
• Skeletal System is treated by an Orthopedist
• Respiratory System is treated by a Pulmonologist
• Immune System is treated by an Immunologist
• Endocrine System is treated by an Endocrinologist
• Muscular System is treated by a Physiatrist.

Body System Functions

• Respiratory System is in charge of breathing
• Cardiovascular System is in charge of pumping blood
• Nervous System sends and receives signals via the brain
• Muscular System is in charge of movement
• Skeletal System provides framework and protection
• Digestive System is in charge of processing food
• Endocrine System is in charge of hormones
• Integumentary System handles skin/protection/isolation
• Lymphatic System's glands help with the immune system
• Reproductive System is in charge of creating life
• Immune System fights infection and controls enzymes
• Excretory System is in charge of getting rid of waste

Snellen Chart Procedure

• Ensure the exam area is well-lit
• The patient should stand 20 feet from the chart
• Patients who wear glasses should keep them on
• The patient starts reading from line #2 of the chart, going LEFT to RIGHT
• The number representing the exam result is located on the RIGHT side of the chart
• If the patient misses 2 letters on the same line, they repeat the line; if they continue to struggle, stop, and the result is taken from the previous line

Triage and Assessment Components

• Blood Pressure (BP): Normal average for adults is 120/80
• Pulse (P): Normal average for adults is 60-100 bpm
• Respirations (R): Normal average for adults is 12-24 rpm
• Temperature (T): Normal average for adults is 98.6 F/ 37C
• Height (HT): Varies by patient
• Weight (WT): Varies by patient
• Body Mass Index (BMI): Varies by patient's HT and WT
• Pulse Oximeter: Needs to be at least 98%

Chain of Infection Steps (Clockwise)

• Microorganism
• Reservoir
• Port of exit
• Mode of transport
• Port of entry
• Susceptible Host

Medical Law Terms

• Advance Directive: A legal document that states healthcare wishes
• Authorization: Official permission or approval (legal document where patient needs to authorize treatment)
• Beneficence: Acting in the best interest of the patient
• Compliance: Obeying a set of rules, such as policy or law
• Confidentiality: A patient's right to have their information kept secret
• Durable Power of Attorney: Person responsible for your finances and healthcare decisions if you're unable to do so
• HIPAA: Law protecting patient privacy and information
• Patient Rights: Fundamental rights of patients in healthcare
• Veracity: Commitment to truth-telling and honesty
• Deontology: Ethical theory focused on duties and rules
• Fiduciary Duty: Obligation to act in the patient's best interest
• Informed Consent: Providing information and getting patient agreement for treatment

Medication Categories

• Analgesic: Reduces pain
• Antacid: Treats indigestion/heartburn
• Antiarrhythmic: Treats heart rhythm that is too fast/irregular
• Anxiety Drugs: Relieves anxiety
• Antibacterials: Subclass of antibiotics/ kill bacteria and stop their growth
• Antibiotics: Fights bacterial infection
• Anticoagulants: Prevents blood clot formation
• Thrombolytics: Emergency drugs that break up blood clots
• Anticonvulsant: Prevents/treats seizures
• Antidepressant: Relieves symptoms of depression and anxiety
• Antidiarrheals: Stops/slows diarrhea
• Antiemetics: Used before/after chemotherapy to prevent symptoms
• Antifungal: Treats fungal infections
• Antihistamine: Relieves allergies
• Antihypertensive: Brings down blood pressure
• Anti-inflammatory: Relieves pain and reduces swelling
• Antineoplastic: Treats cancer
• Antipsychotics: Treats symptoms of psychosis
• Antipyretic: Reduces fever
• Antivirals: Fights viruses and inhibits their growth
• Barbiturates: Sedative-hypnotic medication/ treats seizures
• Beta-Blockers: Brings down types of cell activity
• Bronchodilators: Makes breathing easier
• Cold cures: Relieves common cold symptoms
• Corticosteroids: Lowers inflammation, reduces immune system activity
• Cough Suppressant: Blocks the cough reflex
• Cytotoxic: Treats skin diseases
• Decongestant: Relieves nasal congestion
• Diuretics: Makes kidneys make more urine
• Expectorants: Helps bring up mucus and other materials from the lungs
• Hormones Masculine/Feminine: Helps your body mature and boost sexual drive
• Hypoglycemic (oral): Reduces sugar present in blood
• Immunosuppressants: Reduces the strength of the immune system
• Laxative: Treats constipation
• Muscle Relaxant: Relaxes muscle and reduces tension
• Sedative: Slows activity of the central nervous system
• Sleeping drugs: Pills that induce sleep
• Tranquilizer: Reduces mental disturbance
• Vitamins: Substances needed for cell function

Regulatory Agencies

• DEA (Drug Enforcement Administration): Regulates medication
• FDA (Food and Drug Administration): Regulates medication
• OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration): Regulates workplace safety

Drug Schedules

• Schedule I: Drugs with no currently accepted medical use and a high potential for abuse i.e. Heroin
• Schedule II: Substances with a high potential for abuse, leading to severe psychological and physical damage i.e. Cocaine, Meth
• Schedule III: Substances with a moderate to low potential for addiction i.e. Ketamine
• Schedule IV: Substances with a low potential for abuse/low risk or dependence i.e. Xanax
• Schedule V: Substances with lower potential for abuse than Schedule IV i.e. Lomotil

Medical Codes

• CPT codes (Current Procedural Terminology): Describe clinical procedures and diagnostic/care activities in healthcare
• ICD codes: Describe the patient's diagnosis; the standard diagnostic language for healthcare providers, payers, researchers, and public health officials
• Used to report medical procedures and services under public and private health insurance programs.

Primary Bones of the Skeletal System

• Skull
• Mandible (Jaw)
• Cervical Spine
• Clavicle (Collar bone)
• Scapula (Shoulder blade)
• Thoracic Spine (Back)
• Thoracic cage (rib cage)
• Sternum
• Xiphoid Process
• Lumbar Spine
• Humerus
• Radial Bone (radius)
• Ulna
• Carpals (8 tiny bones in the wrist)
• Metacarpals (on top of the hand)
• Phalanges (5 fingers on the hand)
• Pelvic Girdle
• Coccyx (tail bone)
• Femur
• Patella
• Tibia
• Fibula
• Tarsals (ankle)
• Metatarsals (bone in top of the foot)
• Phalanges
• Calcaneus

Muscles

• Frontalis: Used to raise the eyebrows
• Zygomaticus major: Used to smile
• Auricular muscles: Help the ears move
• Sternocleidomastoid muscle: Helps the head move left to right
• Diaphragm: Helps breathing
• Biceps brachii, brachialis, brachioradialis, and coracobrachialis: Used to flex your arms
• Erector Spinae: Helps you stand

Heart Layers

• Endocardium
• Myocardium
• Epicardium
• Pericardium

Cardiac Regulation Systems

• Electrical system: Receives messages from the brain to the heart's nodules
• Physical system: Physical act of pumping blood

Blood Flow Through the Heart

• Vena Cava
• Right Atrium
• Tricuspid Valve
• Right Ventricle
• Pulmonary Valve
• Pulmonary Artery
• Lungs
• Pulmonary Veins
• Left Atrium
• Mitral Valve
• Left Ventricle
• Aortic Valve
• Aorta
• Tissues of the Body

Electrical System Stages of the Heart

• Sinoatrial Node (SA): Sits in the RIGHT Atrium and provides 60-100 bpm
• Atrioventricular Node (AV): Sits in the lower right atrium, transmits impulses into the ventricles
• Bundle of His (BOH): Sits on the SEPTUM of the heart with 30-40 bpm
• Purkinje Fibers: Spread on the right and left Bundle branches, stimulating the heart with 10-20 bpm

Medical Terms

• Depolarization: Contraction of the ventricles
• Repolarization: Relaxation of the ventricles.
• Systolic: Top number in blood pressure, measures arterial pressure when the heart contracts
• Diastolic: Bottom number in blood pressure, measures arterial pressure between heartbeats

Patient Scheduling Methods

• Computer Scheduling
• Appointment Book Scheduling
• Single Booking with perks like:
• Individual Appointment
• Flexibility
• No Overlaps
• Individual Service
• Reduced Wait Times
• Appointment Request
• Variability in Appointment Length
• No Buffer Times

Cardiac Complex Components

• P wave represents atrial depolarization

• QRS complex represents ventricular depolarization

• T and U waves represent ventricular repolarization

• Segments are the lines between waves on the baseline, examples being the ST segment and PR segment

• Intervals include segments and one or more waves, representing the time between specific cardiac events; examples includes the PR interval and the QRS interval

Prescription Requirements

• Doctor's information
• Patient's information
• The actual prescription (Rx)
• Signature and patient instructions
• How the medication should be dispensed and dosage
• Number of refills
• Doctor's signature

Abbreviations

• ABG: Arterial Blood Gas
• ADLs: Activities of Daily Living
• BKA: Below the Knee Amputation
• Bx: Biopsy
• CHI: Close Head Injury
• CRNP: Certify Register Nurse Practitioner
• D/C: Discontinue / Discharge
• DNR: Do Nor Resuscitate
• EEG: Electroencephalogram
• ENT: Ear, Nose, Throat
• FWB: Full Weight Bearing
• F: Fahrenheit
• GERD: Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
• GA: General Anesthesia
• GSW: Gunshot Wound
• Hb: Hemoglobin
• HTN: Hypertension
• K: Potassium
• LAC: Laceration

Filing Systems

• Paper-based record arrangements to facilitate storage and retrieval
• Two common systems are Alphabetic and Numeric

Alphabetical Filing

• Direct system using the patient's name to locate the medical record
• Uses part of the legal name as indexing units

Indexing Units

• Pieces of information used to identify the correct filing location
• Records are arranged alphabetically based on the first unit
• Cross Index: File under one unit and file a guide/card referring to another unit

Alphabetical Filing Rules

• Individual Names: Last name (1st unit), First name (2nd unit), Middle name/initial (3rd unit)
• Prefixes: Considered part of the last name, beginning the indexing unit
• Abbreviations/Nicknames: Use if commonly used
• Hyphenation: Index as one unit
• Titles/Seniority Terms: Disregard unless necessary to distinguish individuals with the same name
• Married Women: May take husband's surname but retain own first and middle names
• Companies/Businesses: Index in the order written
• Identical Names: Index under name then location; EHR uses DOB to distinguish

Numeric Filing

• Assigns a number to identify and file the patient's medical record
• Advantages include easier confidentiality and pt identification when several patients have the same last name

Numeric Filing Types

• Terminal Digit Filing System: Six-digit number with hyphens, uses the final group of digits as the first indexing unit
• Consecutive Filing System: Numbers arranged from lowest to highest