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Questions and Answers
Which gradient plays a crucial role in determining the movement of ions across a membrane?
Which gradient plays a crucial role in determining the movement of ions across a membrane?
The NA+/K+ pump is an example of a primary passive transporter.
The NA+/K+ pump is an example of a primary passive transporter.
False
What is the term for the process where a molecule is moved down its concentration gradient with the assistance of a protein carrier without energy?
What is the term for the process where a molecule is moved down its concentration gradient with the assistance of a protein carrier without energy?
Passive transport
Heroin overdose is generally treated with an opioid ____________ such as naloxone (Narcan).
Heroin overdose is generally treated with an opioid ____________ such as naloxone (Narcan).
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Match the following transport mechanisms with their appropriate descriptions:
Match the following transport mechanisms with their appropriate descriptions:
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Which tissue is responsible for conducting signals via electrical impulses?
Which tissue is responsible for conducting signals via electrical impulses?
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Intracellular fluid contains more sodium ions than extracellular fluid.
Intracellular fluid contains more sodium ions than extracellular fluid.
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What is the most abundant component of the plasma membrane?
What is the most abundant component of the plasma membrane?
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In negative feedback, a ____________ detects a change and sends the information to an ____________ that relays signals to an ____________.
In negative feedback, a ____________ detects a change and sends the information to an ____________ that relays signals to an ____________.
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Which organelle synthesizes the majority of the ATP used by cells?
Which organelle synthesizes the majority of the ATP used by cells?
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Active transport mechanisms do not require energy.
Active transport mechanisms do not require energy.
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The movement of molecules from higher concentration to lower concentration is described as ____________ transport.
The movement of molecules from higher concentration to lower concentration is described as ____________ transport.
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Match the following terms with their correct definitions:
Match the following terms with their correct definitions:
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Which type of chemical messenger binds to receptors on the same cell that released it?
Which type of chemical messenger binds to receptors on the same cell that released it?
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The threshold potential causes voltage-gated potassium channels to close.
The threshold potential causes voltage-gated potassium channels to close.
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What neurotransmitter do parasympathetic preganglionic neurons release?
What neurotransmitter do parasympathetic preganglionic neurons release?
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The membrane is most permeable to __________, which moves out of the cell due to its electrochemical gradient.
The membrane is most permeable to __________, which moves out of the cell due to its electrochemical gradient.
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Match the following aspects with their functions:
Match the following aspects with their functions:
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Where does the transduction of sound waves into neural impulses occur?
Where does the transduction of sound waves into neural impulses occur?
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The P wave in an ECG represents ventricle depolarization.
The P wave in an ECG represents ventricle depolarization.
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What form is glucose stored in the body?
What form is glucose stored in the body?
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The structure in the eye that includes photoreceptors is called the ____________.
The structure in the eye that includes photoreceptors is called the ____________.
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Which of the following components of the ECG represents atrial depolarization?
Which of the following components of the ECG represents atrial depolarization?
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Material entering the lumen of the renal tubules is excreted unless reabsorbed.
Material entering the lumen of the renal tubules is excreted unless reabsorbed.
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What type of synapse occurs between an axon terminal of one neuron and the cell body of another neuron?
What type of synapse occurs between an axon terminal of one neuron and the cell body of another neuron?
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The most rapid compensation for acidosis involves buffering of free __________ ions.
The most rapid compensation for acidosis involves buffering of free __________ ions.
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Which hormone is primarily responsible for powerful uterine contractions during childbirth?
Which hormone is primarily responsible for powerful uterine contractions during childbirth?
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The kidneys play a crucial role in maintaining acid-base balance in the body.
The kidneys play a crucial role in maintaining acid-base balance in the body.
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What is the primary function of the beta cells in the pancreas?
What is the primary function of the beta cells in the pancreas?
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Air moves _______________ the lungs when intra-alveolar pressure exceeds atmospheric pressure.
Air moves _______________ the lungs when intra-alveolar pressure exceeds atmospheric pressure.
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Match the following hormones with their actions:
Match the following hormones with their actions:
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What phase of the ovarian cycle does follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) predominantly stimulate?
What phase of the ovarian cycle does follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) predominantly stimulate?
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Hyperosmotic solutions cause cells to swell.
Hyperosmotic solutions cause cells to swell.
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What is the normal pH of plasma?
What is the normal pH of plasma?
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The enzyme that breaks down starch is called __________.
The enzyme that breaks down starch is called __________.
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Which structure secretes progesterone and estrogen during pregnancy?
Which structure secretes progesterone and estrogen during pregnancy?
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Insulin is secreted by the liver.
Insulin is secreted by the liver.
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What hormonal surge triggers ovulation around day 14 of the ovarian cycle?
What hormonal surge triggers ovulation around day 14 of the ovarian cycle?
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The gradual ending of menstruation as estrogen levels decrease is known as __________.
The gradual ending of menstruation as estrogen levels decrease is known as __________.
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What happens to urine output when there is a decrease in glomerular filtration rate?
What happens to urine output when there is a decrease in glomerular filtration rate?
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The corona radiata is the outer layer of the oocyte.
The corona radiata is the outer layer of the oocyte.
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Study Notes
Body Organization and Function
- Organs: Combinations of two or more tissues forming a structure with a specific function.
- Intracellular Fluid: Compartment containing most body water.
- Nervous Tissue: Conducts signals primarily via electrical impulses.
- Potassium: Ion found in greater concentration inside cells than outside.
- Mitochondria: Organelle synthesizing most cellular ATP.
- Phospholipids: Most abundant plasma membrane component.
- Hydrophobic Molecules: Phospholipids makeup a portion of the plasma membrane bilayer.
- Negative Feedback Mechanism: A process where a sensor detects a change, sends info to an integrating center, which in turn signals an effector (e.g., muscle or gland) to counteract the change.
Membrane Transport and Communication
- Transmembrane Protein: Integral protein spanning the membrane, facing both cytosol and extracellular fluid (ECF).
- Passive Transport (Ex: Ion Channels): Movement of sodium through ion channels is passive.
- Direction of Passive Transport: From higher to lower concentration.
- Intracellular Fluid Charge: Negative relative to the outside of the cell.
- Anions: Negative ions (e.g., chloride).
- Active Transport: Requires energy (e.g., ATP).
- Active Transport Carrier Affinity: Higher affinity on the lower concentration side for the molecule being transported.
- Gap Junctions: Allow direct communication between cells in contact.
- Receptor Binding: Intracellular communication through chemical messenger binding to specific receptors.
- Down Regulation: Decreased receptor number leads to reduced target cell response.
- Autocrine Messengers: Bind to receptors on the same cell that released them.
- Hormones: Chemical messengers released into the bloodstream by endocrine glands, affecting remote target cells.
Membrane Potential and Action Potentials
- Membrane Potential: Voltage difference across a membrane.
- Threshold Potential: Membrane potential triggering voltage-gated sodium channels to open.
- Force of Sodium and Potassium Ions: Sodium ions force moves into the cell, while the force on potassium ions to move out of the cell.
- Second Messenger System: Amplifies the response of a first messenger (e.g., hormone).
- Depolarization Phase (Action Potential): Rapid opening of sodium channels.
- Myelin Sheath in CNS: Oligodendrocytes provide myelin sheath in the central nervous system.
- Neurotransmitter Storage: Within synaptic vesicles in axon terminals.
- Synapse Types: Axosomatic synapse occurs between axon terminals and cell bodies.
Nervous System (Autonomic)
- Sympathetic Preganglionic Neuron Origin: Thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord.
- Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Preganglionic Neurotransmitters: Acetylcholine for both.
- Adrenal Medulla Innervation: Innervated by sympathetic preganglionic neurons.
Sensory Systems
- Retina: Neural tissue in the eye including photoreceptors, bipolar cells, and ganglion cells.
- Rods and Cones: Rods are more light-sensitive than cones, crucial for vision in low light.
- Fovea: Area of the eye with highest concentration of cones and highest visual acuity.
- Hair Cells Location: Located in the basilar membrane of the cochlea.
- Sound Wave Transduction: Occurs in the organ of Corti.
Brain and Homeostasis
- Hypothalamus: Regulates homeostasis, involved in thirst, hunger, and thermoregulation.
- Cerebellum: Maintains equilibrium/balance.
Muscle Contraction
- Cross-Bridges: Formed between myosin heads and actin during skeletal muscle contraction.
- Voltage Sensor (Skeletal Muscle): DHP receptor.
- Smooth Muscle Calcium Binding Protein: Calmodulin.
Heart
- Pacemaker Cells: Located in the SA node and AV node.
- Electrical Signal Transmission (Heart): Gap junctions.
- ECG P Wave: Represents atrial depolarization.
Acid-Base Balance
- Fast Acid/Base Compensation: Chemical buffers.
- Most Effective pH Compensation: The kidneys.
Respiratory System
- Intra-Alveolar Pressure and Air Movement: Air moves out of the lungs when intra-alveolar pressure exceeds atmospheric pressure.
- Gas Exchange: Simple diffusion facilitated by alveoli.
Fluid Balance
- Hypersomatic Fluid and Cells: Consumption of a hypersomatic solution causes cells to shrink due to an increase in extracellular fluid osmolarity.
Endocrine System
- Posterior Pituitary Hormone: Oxytocin.
- Active Thyroid Hormone: T3.
- Childbirth and Oxytocin: Cervical stretching releases oxytocin, stimulating uterine contractions.
- Progesterone in Pregnancy: Maintains uterine endometrium during pregnancy.
- ADH and Plasma Volume: Decreasing plasma volume increases ADH secretion.
- ADH and Collecting Duct Water Reabsorption: ADH causes the insertion of water channels, increasing water reabsorption.
Digestive System
- Gastric Acid Secretion: Parietal cells.
- Pepsinogen Secretion: Chief cells.
- Glucose Storage: Glycogen.
- Amino Acid Storage: Proteins.
- Fatty Acid Storage: Triglycerides.
Blood Pressure
- High Blood Pressure Prevalence: Approximately 25% of Americans.
Renal System
- Tubules and Excretion: Material entering renal tubules is excreted unless reabsorbed.
- Glomerular Filtration: Non-selective renal process.
Other
- Endocrine Glands: Ductless glands secreting hormones into the bloodstream.
- Smallest Living Units: Cells.
- Homeostasis: Maintaining the internal environment for life primarily through negative feedback.
- Force Determining Ion Movement: Electrochemical gradient.
- NA+/K+ Pump: Primary active transporter.
- Passive Transport Mechanism: Movement of a molecule down its concentration gradient with the aid of a protein carrier.
- Heroin Overdose Treatment: Opioid antagonist, such as naloxone (Narcan).
- Enzyme for Starch Breakdown: Amylase.
- Enzyme for Fat Breakdown: Lipase.
- First Mobilized Nutrient: Glucose.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the key concepts of body organization and membrane transport. This quiz covers essential topics such as organ structure, nervous tissue functions, and cellular mechanisms. Improve your understanding of how different body systems interact and maintain homeostasis.
