Body Mechanics and PPE Safety
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Questions and Answers

Which principle of body mechanics contributes to greater stability when lifting an object?

  • Increasing twisting of the body during movement
  • Lowering the center of gravity (correct)
  • Reducing friction between hands and the object
  • Increasing the weight of the object

    • Which factor is critical in ensuring safe client handling during transfers?

  • Using mechanical aids without supervision
  • Restricting movement to prevent discomfort
  • Adjusting the center of gravity for the patient
  • Understanding body mechanics and alignment (correct)

    • What role does equilibrium play in body mechanics during patient transfers?

  • It eliminates the need for multiple caregivers.
  • It allows for unrestricted movement.
  • It helps maintain balance when moving. (correct)
  • It increases the speed of the transfer.

    • What is a key benefit of paying attention to body alignment during patient handling?

    <p>Reduced risk of musculoskeletal injuries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a principle of effective body mechanics?

    <p>Turning by twisting the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chronic condition is likely to pose challenges to maintaining effective body mechanics?

    <p>Arthritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of nursing judgment during transfers and ambulation?

    <p>Minimizing the effects of immobility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following techniques would NOT promote mobility in a hospitalized patient?

    <p>Encouraging bedrest to minimize discomfort</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of Sims’ Position during medical procedures?

    <p>To promote comfort and assist rectal access</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the Lateral Side Lying position benefit patient comfort?

    <p>Reduces pressure on bony prominences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which positioning device is primarily used to prevent pressure sores at the heel?

    <p>Foot Elevator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the Trochanter Roll in patient positioning?

    <p>To maintain alignment and prevent hip rotation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what scenario is the Trendelenburg position NOT typically used anymore?

    <p>In cases of severe hypovolemic shock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a purpose of using a Positioning Pillow/Wedge?

    <p>To position patients in a side-lying or semi-prone position</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a Hand Roll device in patient care?

    <p>To prevent contractures and maintain hand positioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about patient positioning devices is true?

    <p>Positioning devices assist in patient comfort, safety, and alignment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential psychological effect of long-term restraint use on a client?

    <p>Loss of self-esteem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a risk associated with the use of restraints?

    <p>Increased mobility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What crucial aspect should be considered before applying restraints according to best practices?

    <p>Alternatives should be attempted first</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is indicative of the pre-ictal phase of a seizure?

    <p>Abnormal sensations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary goals in observing a client placed under restraints?

    <p>Ensure close and regular observation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the most serious risks associated with the long-term use of restraints?

    <p>Untimely death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common sign of the post-ictal phase of a seizure?

    <p>Confusion or disorientation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following should be reviewed regularly according to institutional policies regarding restraint use?

    <p>Continuously employed restraint strategies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in the process of removing personal protective equipment (PPE)?

    <p>Remove gloves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following principles of body mechanics enhances stability when moving patients?

    <p>Facing the direction of movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a pathological influence that can negatively impact body mechanics and movement?

    <p>Congenital abnormalities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which action is NOT part of the process for putting on personal protective equipment (PPE)?

    <p>Perform hand hygiene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is considered crucial in influencing effective mobility among hospitalized clients?

    <p>Psychological state</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does dividing balanced activity between arms and legs during patient handling aim to prevent?

    <p>Back injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is considered a benefit of regular activity and exercise for hospitalized patients?

    <p>Enhanced circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of body mechanics, what does a wider base of support contribute to?

    <p>Greater stability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of using a pull sheet in patient handling?

    <p>To reduce friction during patient movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the Active and Passive Range of Motion (ROM) assessments?

    <p>Active ROM involves joint movements by the client, while passive ROM is done by the nurse.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which position should the head of the bed (HOB) be adjusted for optimal comfort and ventilation?

    <p>Fowler's position</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What technique should be employed to minimize back strain while lifting a client?

    <p>Flex your knees and keep your feet wide apart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following positioning techniques is focused on reducing external rotation of the hips?

    <p>Using rolls or sandbags along the legs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential risk associated with long-term use of restraints?

    <p>Increased risk of infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the least-restraint approach?

    <p>Employing alternatives before considering restraint usage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a recognized psychological effect of restraints on clients?

    <p>Feelings of fear and humiliation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the pre-ictal phase of a seizure?

    <p>Loss of consciousness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be monitored every two hours during the use of restraints?

    <p>Use of liquid, nutrition, and bathroom access</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of seizure involves abnormal electrical activity in both hemispheres of the brain?

    <p>Generalized seizures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary complications associated with client immobility due to restraints?

    <p>Contractures and circulatory impairments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is an important consideration before applying restraints to a client?

    <p>Ensuring that the chosen restraint is the least restrictive option</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a sign associated with the pre-ictal phase of a seizure?

    <p>Complete confusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a documented impact of immobilization due to restraints on physical condition?

    <p>Increased risk of pneumonia and falls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using the Sims’ Position for patient care?

    <p>Promotes comfort and access for medical procedures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the Lateral Side Lying position is true?

    <p>It reduces strain on certain muscles and promotes comfort.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key purpose of using a Trochanter Roll in patient positioning?

    <p>To prevent external rotation of the hips.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the Trendelenburg position not commonly used in cases of hypovolemic shock?

    <p>It can exacerbate respiratory issues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a Foot Elevator in patient care?

    <p>To elevate the heel and prevent pressure sores.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a Hand Roll contribute to patient care?

    <p>It prevents contractures of the fingers and wrist.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does a Positioning Pillow/Wedge have on patient comfort?

    <p>It maintains body alignment and alleviates pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which situation is the use of the Trendelenburg position primarily indicated?

    <p>To facilitate medical interventions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What benefit does elevating the upper leg provide in a Lateral Side Lying position?

    <p>Reduces pressure on bony prominences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of positioning devices in healthcare settings?

    <p>To assist with patient safety, comfort, and alignment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of physical restraints in a healthcare setting?

    <p>To prevent falls and protect medical equipment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of restraint?

    <p>Cognitive restraints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What consideration must healthcare providers keep in mind while using chemical restraints?

    <p>Regular monitoring and exploration of alternatives is essential.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered a key ethical and legal aspect of using restraints?

    <p>Regular reassessment and proper documentation of restraint use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How often should restraints be checked to prevent injury and ensure patient safety?

    <p>Regularly, as clinically appropriate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what scenario are chemical restraints most appropriately used?

    <p>When a patient's behavior poses a danger to themselves or others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some potential side effects of using chemical restraints?

    <p>Drowsiness and confusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be a primary focus when applying physical restraints to patients?

    <p>Minimizing emotional distress and ensuring comfort</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes environmental restraints?

    <p>Changes made to the patient’s surroundings to limit mobility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do bed rails serve when utilized as physical restraints?

    <p>They prevent patients from exiting the bed unsafely</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Donning and Doffing PPE

    • Donning (putting on) Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) involves the following steps: 1) Gown, 2) Mask/N95 Respirator, 3) Eye Protection, 4) Gloves.
    • Doffing (taking off) PPE has a different order: 1) Gloves, 2) Gown, 3) Hand Hygiene, 4) Eye Protection, 5) Mask/N95 Respirator, 6) Hand Hygiene.

    Movement, Exercise & Body Mechanics

    • Effective body mechanics is the result of the coordinated efforts of the musculoskeletal system and the nervous system.
    • It ensures proper balance, posture, body alignment, and efficient energy use during activities like lifting, bending, and moving.

    Principles of Body Mechanics

    • Body alignment is crucial for maintaining balance. The center of gravity plays a vital role in this.
    • Wider base of support enhances stability, and a lower center of gravity achieves greater stability.
    • Friction influences movement by creating resistance, affecting smooth transitions.
    • Pathological conditions like congenital abnormalities, degenerative disorders, chronic diseases, and episodic illnesses can interfere with body mechanics.

    Positioning Client for Comfort

    • Sims' position is ideal for comfort, certain medical procedures like enemas or rectal exams, and postural drainage. In this position, the patient lies on their side with one leg straight and the other bent.
    • Lateral side-lying alleviates pressure on bony prominences on the back and buttocks. Proper pillow placement supports the head, neck, shoulders, and upper leg to minimize strain and discomfort.
    • The Trendelenburg position (head-down) is no longer recommended for treatment of hypovolemic shock but may be used to facilitate medical interventions.

    Positioning Devices

    • Foot elevators elevate the heel, preventing pressure sores and maintaining proper foot positioning.
    • Trochanter rolls help keep the lower extremities aligned, preventing external rotation of the hips in immobile patients.
    • Positioning pillows or wedges provide support for side-lying or semi-prone positions, reducing pressure on specific body areas.
    • Hand rolls are designed to prevent contractures and maintain functional hand positioning.

    Restraints

    • Restraints restrict movement and access to the body.
    • Various types exist, including 1-point and 2-point soft restraints and 4-point soft restraints.
    • Ensure regular observation of the restrained patient and follow institutional policies.
    • Offer liquids, nutrition, and bathroom breaks frequently.
    • Restraint use requires documentation.
    • Restraints pose risks such as skin breakdown (pressure ulcers), constipation, pneumonia, urinary tract issues, contractures, nerve damage, circulatory impairment, and asphyxia.
    • They can also cause emotional distress, fear, anger, and loss of self-esteem.
    • Long-term restraint use has serious consequences, including self-esteem issues, incontinence, immobility, infections, pressure ulcers, falls, injuries, and even death.
    • The least-restraint approach promotes quality care, ensuring alternatives are exhausted before resorting to restraints.
    • Thorough assessments by nurses and physicians are necessary, and family consent might be required.

    Seizures

    • A seizure is a neurological condition characterized by abnormal electrical activity in the brain.
    • Epilepsy is a chronic seizure disorder with recurring or unpredictable seizure activity.
    • People with epilepsy may experience more than one seizure type.
    • Seizures are broadly classified into two categories: generalized and focal.

    Pre-ictal Phase (Aura)

    • The pre-ictal phase, known as the aura, is a warning sign before a seizure.
    • It may manifest as simple or complex partial seizures and can include: Abnormal sensations (unusual smells, tastes, etc.), Vertigo (dizziness), Nausea, and Anxiety.

    Donning PPE

    • Put on gown
    • Put on mask/N95 respirator
    • Put on eye protection
    • Put on gloves

    Doffing PPE

    • Remove gloves
    • Remove gown
    • Perform hand hygiene
    • Remove eye protection
    • Remove mask/N95 respirator
    • Perform hand hygiene

    Body Mechanics

    • Coordinated effort of musculoskeletal and nervous systems to maintain balance, posture, and body alignment
    • Facilitates mobility and efficient use of energy

    Principles of Body Mechanics

    • Body Alignment
    • Body Balance - center of gravity
    • Friction
    • Pathological influences on body mechanics and movement
      • Congenital abnormalities
      • Degenerative disorders
      • Other chronic diseases
      • Episodic illness

    Principles of Body Mechanics

    • Wider base of support = greater stability
    • Lower center of gravity = greater stability
    • Equilibrium of an object is maintained as long as the line of gravity passes through its base of support
    • Facing direction of movement reduces twisting
    • Dividing balanced activity between arms and legs reduces back injury

    Positioning Client For Comfort

    • Sims' Position
      • Patient lies on side, with one leg straight and the other bent at the knee and hip
      • Lower arm positioned behind body, upper arm flexed and in front, supported by pillow
    • Purpose of Sims' Position
      • Comfort
      • Medical procedures
      • Postural drainage

    Positioning Client For Comfort

    • Lateral Side Lying
      • Removes pressure from bony prominences on back and buttocks
      • Pillow under head and neck reduces lateral neck flexion and strain on sternocleidomastoid muscle
      • Shoulder flexed forward prevents weight directly on shoulder joint
      • Pillow under upper arm decreases internal rotation and adduction of shoulder
      • Pillow under semi-flexed upper leg prevents pressure on bony prominences

    Positioning Client For Comfort

    • Trendelenburg position – no longer used for hypovolemic shock
    • Head-down more commonly used for medical interventions

    Positioning Devices

    • Foot Elevator
      • Elevates patient’s heel, prevents pressure sores, and keeps foot in correct anatomical position
      • Useful for bedridden patients
    • Trochanter Roll
      • Maintains correct alignment of lower extremities
      • Prevents external rotation of hips in immobile patients
    • Positioning Pillow/Wedge
      • Positions patient in side-lying or semi-prone, offering support to reduce pressure on certain areas of the body
    • Hand Roll
      • Prevents contractures and maintains functional positioning of patient’s hand

    Restraints

    • Any method, physical or mechanical device, materials, or equipment attached or adjacent to the patient’s body which restricts a person’s movement, physical activity, or normal access to their body
    • Types
      • Physical
      • Chemical
      • Environmental

    Restraints - Physical

    • Devices, materials, or equipment attached to or near the patient’s body that restricts their movement
    • Examples
      • Limb restraints (e.g., wrist or ankle restraints) to prevent the patient from pulling out tubes or IV lines
      • Bed rails that prevent patients from getting out of bed unsafely
      • Vests or belts that keep a patient in a chair or bed
    • Purpose
      • Prevent falls, stop patients from injuring themselves, or protect medical equipment (like IVs or catheters)
    • Consideration
      • Use carefully to avoid injury or emotional distress
      • Healthcare providers check regularly for proper circulation and skin integrity

    Restraints - Chemical

    • Medications to control a patient’s behavior or restrict their movement
    • Not part of the treatment of the patient’s underlying condition, used to manage agitation, aggression, or confusion
    • Examples
      • Sedatives (e.g., benzodiazepines like lorazepam) to calm the patient or make them less responsive
      • Antipsychotics (e.g., haloperidol) to manage aggressive or psychotic behavior
    • Purpose
      • Patient’s behavior dangerous or unmanageable at risk to themselves or others
    • Consideration
      • Use with caution due to side effects
      • Regularly monitored, alternatives explored

    Restraints - Environmental

    • Modifying patient’s surroundings to limit freedom of movement or to prevent access to certain areas.
    • Examples
      • Doors locked to prevent patient leaving room
      • Chair alarms to alert staff when patient rises from a seat

    Patient Safety Considerations for Restraints

    • Restraints are used to protect patients, they must be applied in a way that avoids physical harm, promotes comfort, and ensures the patient’s safety at all times
    • Proper documentation, regular reassessment, and minimizing restraint use are crucial in adhering to ethical and legal standards in healthcare

    How to Prevent Lift Injuries

    • Arrange for help when moving clients, use a lift team
    • Use patient handling equipment
    • Encourage client to help as much as possible (AFTER your assessment)
    • Keep back, neck, pelvis & feet aligned
    • Avoid twisting
    • Flex knees, keep feet wide apart
    • Position yourself close to client
    • Use arms and legs (not your back)
    • Use a pull sheet to move pt towards you
    • Use slide board to move client from bed-stretcher

    Positioning

    • Assessment of the Mobile or Partially Mobile Client
      • Body Alignment: standing, sitting, recumbent
      • Mobility: ROM, gait, exercise, activity tolerance
      • Patient Expectations: Motivation, expectation of pain or undue fatigue with movement, perception of need for activity

    Range of Motion (ROM)

    • The maximum amount of movement available at a joint in one of the 4 planes of the body
    • Nurse assesses ROM before mobilizing client
    • Active ROM: client performs the exercises, is able to move all joint through motions
    • Passive ROM: nurse performs for the client, who is weak or unable to move the joints

    Positioning Client For Comfort

    • Fowler’s position:
      • HOB 45-60 degrees
      • Increases comfort, improves ventilation, promotes relaxation
    • Supine position:
      • Rolled towel under lumbar area supports lumbar spine
      • Pillow under head, neck & upper shoulders prevents flexion contractures of cervical vertebrae
      • Pillow under heels prevents pressure sores
      • Footboard maintains dorsiflexion of feet and prevents foot drop
      • Rolls or sandbags along legs prevents external rotation of hips
      • Hand rolls reduces extension of fingers and abduction of thumb
    • Prone position:
      • Pillow under head reduces flexion or hyperextension of cervical vertebrae
      • Pillow under abdomen reduces pressure on breasts and reduces hyperextension of lumbar-reducing low back strain
      • Pillow under lower legs reduces external rotation of hips, prevents foot drop

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    Description

    This quiz covers the critical steps of donning and doffing Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) as well as effective body mechanics principles. Learn how proper posture, balance, and alignment contribute to safe movement and energy efficiency during activities. Test your knowledge on how these elements work together in healthcare and safety contexts.

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