Body Fluids and Water Quality Quiz

<p>It prevents absorption of gases. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Deionization (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To remove contaminating ammonia. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dissolved gases and nonvolatile substances (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It transforms into steam and then condenses. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Type I water (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It removes approximately 90% of dissolved solids. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To adsorb organic matter. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Kilogram of solvent (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reverse osmosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Concentration of compounds affecting osmotic pressure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ultraviolet oxidation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It eliminates the requirement for double distillation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Number of particles dissolved in urine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sodium ions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Calculated osmolality minus measured osmolality (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>0 to 10 mOsm/kg H2O (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hyponatremia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fluid intake and thirst (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Substances that form ions when dissolved in water (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Less than 10 mmol/day (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>60 mmol/day (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chloride (Cl) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cl travels from RBCs to plasma to maintain balance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It regulates electrolyte concentration and volume (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dehydration and decreased renal blood flow (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A decrease in Cl results in an increase in HCO3 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chronic pyelonephritis after salt loss (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prolonged vomiting (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>85% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Total CO2 measurement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased concentrations of unmeasured anions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Na+, K+, Cl-, and HCO3 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Must be interpreted in the context of other electrolytes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hydrogen ions (H+) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phosphate (PO4^3-) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Opening and closing the fist (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To avoid a shift of K+ from the RBCs to the plasma (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sodium heparin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Handle them anaerobically to minimize gas loss (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It does not affect Cl concentration significantly (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ion-selective electrode potentiometry (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are lower in plasma due to platelet release (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Seal the container immediately with a stopper (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Water that's been boiled and the steam is cooled and collected. This removal process eliminates many minerals but not volatile impurities like CO2, chlorine, or ammonia.

A type of water purified through the process of distillation. This water usually meets the specifications for Type II and Type III water.

A special type of distilled water that undergoes another distillation step to remove contaminating ammonia. This is important for tests where ammonia can interfere with results.

This method of water purification passes water through a resin column containing positively and negatively charged particles. These particles remove ions from the water, leading to deionized water.

Water that is free from most ions. This can be achieved through distillation or deionization. It's essential for many laboratory and industrial applications.

Type II and Type III water should be stored in borosilicate glass or polyethylene bottles as they are less likely to contaminate the water.

Type II and Type III water need to be used quickly to prevent contamination from air.

Water sources vary greatly, with rivers, lakes, springs, and wells containing numerous contaminants.

Water treated to remove most ions, typically using ion-exchange resins.

A process where water is passed through a semipermeable membrane, removing most dissolved solids, organic impurities, microbes, leaving water relatively pure.

A unit of measurement that describes the number of moles of a compound contributing to a solution's osmotic pressure.

The concentration of a solute in a solution, expressed as osmoles per kilogram of solvent.

The process of heating water to vapor, then condensing the vapor to collect pure water, leaving impurities behind.

A purification technique using a porous membrane to physically trap large molecules, particles, and microbes.

A purification method where a substance's surface attracts and holds specific impurities, removing them from the water.

A method using a high-energy ultraviolet light to break down organic contaminants in water.

A measure of urine concentration based on the number of dissolved particles. It is measured in milliosmols per kilogram (mOsm/kg).

The difference between the measured osmolality and the calculated osmolality. It's used to identify the presence of substances like ketones or alcohol in the blood that aren't accounted for in the standard osmolality calculation.

The condition to which the hypothalamus responds by regulating water intake and excretion to maintain a stable level of dissolved particles in the blood. It is primarily controlled by the balance of electrolytes, especially sodium.

The amount of sodium in the blood is too low. It can be caused by excessive water intake, water retention due to medical conditions, or decreased ability of the kidneys to produce urine.

The process of maintaining a stable concentration of sodium in the blood. It involves regulating water intake, water excretion, and blood volume through hormones like ADH, aldosterone, and angiotensin II.

Substances that form ions or charged particles when dissolved in water. They are either negatively charged anions or positively charged cations.

A hormone released by the pituitary gland that helps to regulate water excretion by the kidneys. It plays a role in maintaining water balance and blood volume.

A hormone secreted by the adrenal glands that helps to regulate sodium and potassium balance in the body. It plays a key role in maintaining blood pressure.

The amount of sodium (Na+) in feces usually stays under 10mmol per day. This is a normal level.

Severe diarrhea can lead to a significant loss of potassium (K+), up to 60 mmol per day, which needs addressing.

The concentration of potassium (K+) in Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) is about 70% of the amount in blood plasma.

The amount of potassium (K+) released in urine changes based on how much potassium is consumed. Typically, it ranges from 25 to 125 mmol per day.

Chloride (Cl-) is found in many bodily fluids, including serum, plasma, CSF, tissue fluid, and urine.

The balance between chloride (Cl-) and bicarbonate (HCO3-) in the extracellular fluid is important. They have a reciprocal relationship, meaning an increase in one leads to a decrease in the other.

Chloride (Cl-) plays a crucial role in maintaining the electrical neutrality of fluids in the body. It's like the balancing element for sodium (Na+).

Chloride (Cl-) is involved in the chloride shift, which is the movement of chloride and bicarbonate between red blood cells and plasma during oxygenation and deoxygenation of blood.

A calculation that reflects the difference between positively charged electrolytes (cations) and negatively charged electrolytes (anions) in your blood. It helps assess acid-base balance and detect electrolyte imbalances.

Chloride (Cl-) is a major extracellular anion, playing a role in fluid balance and maintaining electrical neutrality. It's often measured alongside bicarbonate (HCO3-), another key anion, in blood tests.

Bicarbonate (HCO3-) is a crucial buffer in the body, helping to regulate blood pH by absorbing excess hydrogen ions. It's essential for maintaining acid-base balance.

This condition results from either excessive production or insufficient excretion of acids within the body. It can be caused by diabetic acidosis (high blood sugar) or renal failure (kidney malfunction).

This can be caused by prolonged vomiting, leading to loss of stomach acid and a decrease in serum chloride levels.

This measurement, along with blood pH and CO2 pressure (PCO2), is crucial for evaluating acid-base disorders. By measuring total CO2, we can get a snapshot of how well the body is managing acid levels.

When the anion gap exceeds 16mmol/L, it suggests an increased concentration of unmeasured anions like phosphate (PO4-) and sulfate (SO42-) in the blood. This may indicate underlying medical conditions like kidney disease.

The kidneys reabsorb bicarbonate (HCO3-), a crucial buffer for blood pH, in two main regions: the proximal tubules reabsorb about 85%, while the distal tubules reabsorb the remaining 15%. This reabsorption ensures that the body maintains proper acid-base balance.

Potassium levels measured in blood can be inaccurate if the blood isn't separated from the cells within 3 hours because potassium can shift from red blood cells to the plasma.

Opening and closing the fist too many times before a blood draw for potassium testing can significantly increase potassium levels (10-20%) due to muscle activity.

Serum potassium levels are slightly higher than plasma potassium levels due to the release of potassium from platelets during clotting.

Chloride (Cl-) tests are often performed using serum separator gel tubes, allowing separation and stability.

Hemolysis (red blood cell breakdown) doesn't significantly impact chloride levels in serum.

Arterial blood is the preferred sample for bicarbonate (HCO3-) analysis. Bicarbonate is measured in plasma or serum.

HCO3- levels are most accurate when measured quickly after blood collection and centrifugation. The specimen should be handled anaerobically to prevent CO2 loss.

Sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), chloride (Cl-) and bicarbonate (HCO3-) are commonly grouped together for laboratory analysis. These are called electrolytes.