NCERT - BODY FLUIDS & CIRCULATION - 24-25

What percentage of blood is constituted by formed elements?

Red blood cells (RBCs) have a nucleus.

What is the average lifespan of red blood cells?

Erythrocytes are also known as ______.

Leucocytes are colorless due to the presence of hemoglobin.

Which type of white blood cell is most abundant?

Match the following types of leucocytes to their functions:

What is the main protein found in red blood cells that is responsible for transporting respiratory gases?

What is the primary function of platelets?

Blood group O is known as the universal recipient.

What are the two natural antibodies present in the plasma?

Individuals with a blood group AB can receive blood from groups _____, _____, _____, and _____.

Match the following blood groups with their characteristics:

What percentage of humans are Rh positive?

Platelets are produced from red blood cells in the bone marrow.

What is the consequence of a reduction in platelets?

What condition can occur if a Rh-ve mother has a Rh+ve fetus in subsequent pregnancies?

Rh antibodies can be harmful to the fetus only during the first pregnancy.

What is the role of thrombin in blood coagulation?

The enzyme complex required for the formation of thrombin is called __________.

Which of the following factors is crucial for blood clotting?

Match the components with their functions in blood coagulation:

What can be done to prevent erythroblastosis foetalis after the first child's birth?

During the first pregnancy, the maternal blood and fetal blood are completely mixed.

What is the primary function of the valves in the human heart?

The walls of the ventricles are thinner than the walls of the atria.

What is the structure that separates the right atrium from the right ventricle?

The heart is situated in the ______ cavity.

Match the following structures of the heart with their respective descriptions:

Which type of muscle makes up the entire heart structure?

The pericardium is a single layer that protects the heart.

Name the two main types of circulatory pathways in organisms with double circulation.

What is defined as the volume of blood pumped out by each ventricle per minute?

The first heart sound (lub) is associated with the closure of the semilunar valves.

What is the average heart rate in beats per minute for a healthy individual?

During each cardiac cycle, each ventricle pumps out approximately __________ mL of blood.

Match the following terms with their descriptions:

How long does one complete cardiac cycle take?

The electrocardiogram (ECG) provides a graphical representation of the mechanical activity of the heart.

What generates the action potential that starts the cardiac cycle?

What does the P-wave in an ECG represent?

The QRS complex indicates the contraction of the atria.

What is the purpose of counting the number of QRS complexes in a given time period?

The _____ circulation is responsible for delivering oxygenated blood to the tissues.

Match the following components of blood circulation with their descriptions:

What does the T-wave in an ECG signify?

The tunica media is thicker in veins than in arteries.

What happens to deoxygenated blood pumped into the pulmonary artery?

Which white blood cells are responsible for immune responses in the body?

Erythrocytes are the least abundant type of cells found in blood.

What is the average number of leucocytes in mm–3 of blood?

The average lifespan of red blood cells is ______ days.

What percentage of white blood cells are neutrophils?

Platelets are nucleated cells found in blood.

What is the primary function of haemoglobin in red blood cells?

Rh antibodies from an Rh-ve mother are harmless during the first pregnancy.

What are the small proteins that help in the formation of fibrins during blood coagulation?

Calcium ions play a crucial role in the __________ process.

Match the following components with their roles in coagulation:

What is the primary outcome of the mother receiving anti-Rh antibodies after the birth of her first child?

Blood coagulation occurs immediately after an injury.

What is the dark reddish-brown scum formed at the site of a cut or injury called?

What is the primary role of the valvular system in the human heart?

The sino-atrial node (SAN) is located in the lower left corner of the right atrium.

Which blood group is known as the universal donor?

What type of muscle makes up the entire structure of the heart?

Individuals with blood group AB can receive blood from any blood type.

The thick muscular wall that separates the right and left ventricles is called the __________.

What are the two natural antibodies present in the plasma of individuals with blood group O?

Match the following heart valves with their respective positions:

The presence of the _____ antigen on red blood cells defines an individual as Rh positive.

Which of the following chambers are considered upper chambers of the heart?

The thickness of the walls of the ventricles is less than that of the atria.

Where is the human heart located in the body?

What is the consequence of a reduction in platelet count?

Name the cells that produce platelets in the bone marrow.

Rh antibodies can only harm the fetus during the first pregnancy.

What is the average cardiac output in a healthy individual?

The first heart sound (lub) is produced by the closure of the semilunar valves.

The ______ is a graphical representation of the electrical activity of the heart during a cardiac cycle.

Match the following components with their respective functions related to the cardiac cycle:

Which part of the electrocardiogram (ECG) reflects the contraction of the ventricles?

The stroke volume is approximately 70 mL of blood pumped out by each ventricle during each cardiac cycle.

What generates a new action potential to start the next cardiac cycle?

What is the primary purpose of the pulmonary circulation?

The sino-atrial node is referred to as the pacemaker of the heart.

Name the two main types of circulatory pathways in double circulation.

The _____ blood group is known as the universal recipient.

Match the components of the heart with their functions:

Which of the following statements about diastole is correct?

The systemic circulation carries deoxygenated blood from the body tissues back to the heart.

What defines a cardiac cycle?

What percentage of plasma is made up of water?

Globulins primarily assist in blood clotting.

What is the term for plasma without clotting factors?

The main function of __________ in blood is to help maintain osmotic balance.

Match the following body fluids with their roles:

Which of the following is a major protein found in plasma that is essential for blood coagulation?

Sponges and coelenterates circulate water within their body cavities to assist in substance exchange.

What is the primary role of fibrinogen in the blood?

Which of the following is NOT a type of white blood cell?

Erythrocytes contain a nucleus in most mammals.

What are the two major types of lymphocytes?

Leucocytes are otherwise known as __________.

Match the type of leukocyte with its function:

What is the average number of RBCs in a healthy adult male per mm–3 of blood?

Basophils are the most abundant type of white blood cells.

What role do neutrophils and monocytes play in the body?

What is the primary fluid collected by the lymphatic system?

A closed circulatory system allows for more precise regulation of blood flow.

What type of heart does a typical fish possess?

The colourless fluid in the lymphatic system is called __________.

Which type of circulatory system is found in arthropods and molluscs?

Match the following heart types with their corresponding characteristics:

In amphibians and reptiles, oxygenated and deoxygenated blood mix in a single ventricle.

What substance is absorbed through lymph in the lacteals?

What is the role of platelets in the blood?

Individuals with blood group O can receive blood from persons with any other blood group.

What are the two antigens that the ABO blood group system is based on?

Individuals with an Rh antigen are classified as _______.

Match the blood groups with their compatibility:

What can a Rh-ve mother develop after carrying a Rh+ve fetus in subsequent pregnancies?

Group AB individuals have no antibodies in their plasma.

What are the two natural antibodies found in the plasma related to ABO blood groups?

What is the average duration of a cardiac cycle?

The heart beats approximately 60 times per minute in a healthy individual.

What is the volume of blood that each ventricle pumps out during each cardiac cycle?

The closure of the __________ and __________ valves is associated with the first heart sound (lub).

Match the cardiac output characteristics with their definitions:

From which part of the body does blood flow into the right atrium?

What produces the second heart sound (dub) in the cardiac cycle?

Which of the following waves in an ECG represents the depolarization of the ventricles?

The T-wave in an ECG represents the repolarization of the atria.

The three layers of blood vessels are the tunica intima, tunica media, and __________.

Match the following components of the ECG with their functions:

Which statement correctly describes the structure of arteries compared to veins?

The QRS complex marks the beginning of diastole in the heart cycle.

What is the significance of counting the number of QRS complexes in a given time period?

What is the primary role of platelets in the blood?

Blood group O can be safely donated to individuals with any blood type.

What are the two surface antigens involved in the ABO blood grouping?

Individuals who are ______ positive have the Rh antigen present on their RBCs.

Which blood group has no antigens present on the RBCs?

Match the following blood groups with their corresponding characteristics:

Rh negative individuals can receive blood from Rh positive donors.

What natural antibodies are found in the plasma of blood group A?

What is erythroblastosis foetalis?

Rh antigens from the fetus do not come into contact with the mother's blood during the first pregnancy.

What role do calcium ions play in blood coagulation?

The enzyme that converts fibrinogen to fibrin is called __________.

Match the following components involved in blood coagulation with their functions:

Which of these factors can trigger the coagulation process?

The administration of anti-Rh antibodies is necessary after the delivery of the first Rh+ve child for Rh-ve mothers.

What substance do platelets release to initiate blood coagulation?

What term describes the total volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute?

What average volume of blood does each ventricle pump out during a cardiac cycle?

What is the duration of one complete cardiac cycle?

Match the sounds of the heart with their events:

An ECG provides a graphical representation of the mechanical activity of the heart.

What generates the action potential that initiates the cardiac cycle?

Which structure separates the left atrium from the left ventricle?

The sino-atrial node is located in the left atrium.

What prevents the backward flow of blood in the human heart?

The human heart is protected by a double walled membranous bag called the ______.

Match the following types of blood vessels with their primary function:

What is the primary role of the nodal tissue in the heart?

The wall that separates the right atrium and the right ventricle is known as the ______.

The walls of the ventricles are thinner than those of the atria.

What is the primary function of the hepatic portal vein?

The sympathetic nervous system decreases the heart rate.

What is a common symptom of angina pectoris?

High blood pressure is also known as ______.

Match the following disorders of the circulatory system with their descriptions:

Which hormone is known to increase cardiac output?

The heart is regulated intrinsically by nodal tissue.

What is the major consequence of coronary artery disease?

What is the primary role of the sino-atrial node in the heart?

The left ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the aorta.

Define double circulation.

The ______ phase of the cardiac cycle involves the contraction of the heart.

Which of the following components is responsible for blood coagulation?

What is the significance of the atrio-ventricular node in heart function?

What is the primary role of albumins in blood plasma?

Lymph is the only body fluid responsible for transporting nutrients and waste in higher organisms.

What are the primary components of blood plasma?

The straw-colored, viscous fluid in blood is known as ______.

Match the blood components with their primary functions:

Which of the following is NOT a major protein found in blood plasma?

What is the primary role of blood in the body?

Lymph fluid helps in transporting nutrients as effectively as blood.

Which of the following statements is true about erythrocytes?

Leucocytes are the most abundant cells in blood.

What are the two main categories of leucocytes?

The primary function of neutrophils is to ______ foreign organisms.

Which type of leucocyte is involved in allergic reactions?

What is the role of the hepatic portal vein?

Hypertension is defined as a blood pressure reading of 140/90 or higher.

The spleen is known as the graveyard of neutrophils.

What is the condition known as angina?

What is the average number of leucocytes found in mm–3 of blood?

The _______ system regulates heart activity through neural signals.

Match the following disorders with their descriptions:

Which part of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for increasing heart rate?

The adrenal medullary hormones can decrease cardiac output.

What primary function does the hepatic portal system serve?

Which part of the heart generates the action potentials that set the pace of the heartbeat?

Cardiac arrest and heart failure are the same condition.

What condition can result from Rh incompatibility during subsequent pregnancies?

What term describes the volume of blood pumped by each ventricle during one cardiac cycle?

The __________ is a muscular pumping organ found in the circulatory system.

The Rh antigens of the fetus are always exposed to the maternal blood during the first pregnancy.

What important role do calcium ions play in blood coagulation?

Match the following components of the cardiac cycle with their descriptions:

Which blood group is considered the universal donor?

The formation of _____ is necessary to trap dead and damaged formed elements during blood clotting.

All vertebrates have a closed circulatory system.

Match the following components of blood coagulation with their roles:

What initial event triggers the mechanism of blood coagulation?

What is the average heart rate for a healthy individual in beats per minute?

Administering anti-Rh antibodies after the first child's birth can help prevent erythroblastosis foetalis.

What is the function of thrombin in the blood coagulation process?

What is the primary function of the sino-atrial node in the heart?

What is meant by double circulation?

The heart's electrical activity is recorded by an _______.

Match the following segments of the cardiac cycle with their description:

Which of the following correctly describes the role of plasma proteins?

The atrio-ventricular node plays no significant role in heart functioning.

What is the significance of the pulmonary circulation?

What is the primary function of lymph in the body?

All vertebrates have a muscular, chambered heart.

What is the fluid present in the lymphatic system called?

Fats are absorbed through lymph in the ______ present in the intestinal villi.

Match the organism type to its circulatory system.

Which type of heart do fish possess?

Amphibians and reptiles have a complete double circulation.

What is the significance of interstitial fluid in nutrient exchange?

What condition occurs when a Rh-ve mother has a Rh+ve fetus in subsequent pregnancies?

The Rh antigens of the fetus get exposed to the maternal blood during the first pregnancy.

What substance is formed from inactive fibrinogen during blood coagulation?

Anti-Rh antibodies should be administered to the mother ______ after delivery to prevent complications in future pregnancies.

Match the following terms related to blood coagulation with their descriptions:

Blood clotting is a mechanism to prevent excessive loss of blood from the body.

What happens to the Rh antibodies from a Rh-ve mother if they enter the bloodstream of a Rh+ve fetus?

What structure initiates the cardiac cycle by generating action potentials?

The ventricles contract during ventricular diastole.

The valves that prevent backflow of blood into the atria during ventricular systole are called __________ valves.

Match the following components of the cardiac conduction system with their functions:

Which of the following best describes the process of atrial systole?

The semilunar valves are open during atrial systole.

How many action potentials can the Sinoatrial Node generate per minute?

What is defined as the volume of blood pumped out by each ventricle during one contraction?

During each cardiac cycle, the ventricles and atria are in a relaxed state known as __________.

Match the following components of the cardiac output calculation with their definitions:

An electrocardiogram (ECG) is a representation of the electrical activity of the heart.

What does the QRS complex in an ECG represent?

The T-wave indicates the contraction of the atria.

What is the primary function of the pulmonary circulation?

The _____ circulation provides nutrients and oxygen to tissues.

Match the following ECG components with their functions:

Which layer of blood vessels is primarily responsible for regulating blood flow and pressure?

All ECGs have a similar shape for a given lead configuration.

What does the hepatic portal vein primarily carry blood from?

The autonomic nervous system can only decrease the heart rate and cardiac output.

What is the term used to describe high blood pressure?

The disease characterized by deposits narrowing the arteries supplying blood to the heart muscle is called __________.

Match the following heart conditions with their descriptions:

Which of the following factors can increase cardiac output?

Angina can occur in individuals of any age but is more common among the elderly.

The heart is regulated intrinsically by specialized muscles known as __________.

Individuals with blood group O can receive blood from any other blood group.

What are the two surface antigens involved in the ABO blood grouping system?

People with the AB blood group can receive blood from ________ without complications.

Match the blood groups with their corresponding antigens and antibodies:

Rh positive individuals lack the Rh antigen on their red blood cells.

What can happen if a Rh-negative mother has an Rh-positive fetus during subsequent pregnancies?

What is the average number of leukocytes found in a healthy adult's blood per mm–3?

Basophils are the most abundant type of leukocyte in the bloodstream.

What is the primary role of red blood cells?

The _____ are involved in allergic reactions and secrete substances like histamine.

Which type of white blood cells are responsible for immune responses?

Red blood cells have a nucleus in most mammals.

What is the lifespan of red blood cells in the human body?

What condition can lead to severe anaemia or jaundice in a newborn baby?

Rh antigens from the fetus enter the maternal blood in the first pregnancy.

What substance is converted into fibrin in the blood clotting process?

The enzyme complex required for the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin is called __________.

Match the following components with their roles in blood coagulation:

What is the role of anti-Rh antibodies administered to the mother after the first child?

Calcium ions play no significant role in the blood clotting process.

What is the term for the immune response where Rh-negative mothers produce antibodies against Rh-positive blood?

The open circulatory system allows blood to flow freely through various body cavities.

What structure collects and drains interstitial fluid back to the major veins?

Match the following circulatory systems with their characteristics:

Which type of heart represents amphibians and most reptiles?

The heart of fishes pumps out deoxygenated blood that gets oxygenated by the gills.

What is the main liquid component of lymph?

What is the average duration of a cardiac cycle in seconds?

The stroke volume is defined as the total volume of blood pumped by the heart in one minute.

What are the two prominent sounds produced during a cardiac cycle?

The average cardiac output for a healthy individual is approximately __________ mL.

Match the following components with their respective definitions:

How many times does the heart typically beat per minute?

What leads are commonly used to obtain an ECG?

The heart has no intrinsic regulation and solely relies on external neural control.

What condition is characterized by a systolic blood pressure of 140 mm Hg or higher?

Coronary Artery Disease is often referred to as ______.

Which component of the autonomic nervous system increases the heart rate?

What happens to the heart muscle when it is not receiving enough oxygen?

What is the main component of plasma in blood?

The primary function of globulins in plasma is to assist in water regulation.

What is plasma without clotting factors called?

Fibrinogen is essential for __________ of blood.

Which of the following minerals is found in plasma?

All living cells are dependent on external body fluids for nutrient supply.

Which body fluid is most commonly used for the transport of substances in higher organisms?

Which of the following best explains the primary function of the heart?

The stroke volume is defined as the volume of blood pumped out by each ventricle per minute.

What is the pace-setter of the heart that generates action potentials?

The average heart rate for a healthy individual is approximately _____ beats per minute.

Match the following components of the circulatory system with their functions:

The T-wave marks the beginning of systole.

What is cardiac output?

What is the main role of the pulmonary circulation?

Blood group AB has both A and B antigens present on the red blood cells.

The contraction of the ventricles is initiated by the __________ complex.

What do you call the phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart muscle relaxes?

Which statement about the structure of blood vessels is true?

The systemic circulation is responsible for providing nutrients and oxygen to tissues.

The heart's activity is primarily regulated by the autonomic nervous system.

High blood pressure is medically known as __________.

Coronary Artery Disease is also known as atherosclerosis.

What is the average blood pressure considered normal?

What is the primary function of the Sinoatrial Node (SAN) in the heart?

The right and left bundle branches arise from the atrioventricular node (AVN).

During ventricular __________, the ventricles contract and pump blood into the circulatory system.

Which valves are open during the initial stage of the cardiac cycle?

During ventricular diastole, the semilunar valves are open.

What is the effect of the action potential generated by the SAN on the atria?

The systemic circulation is responsible for carrying deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

What is the significance of plasma proteins in the blood?

The ______ circulation involves the pumping of oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the body.

Match the heart components with their functions:

Which of the following is a characteristic of diastole?

The electrocardiogram (ECG) measures only mechanical activity of the heart.

Explain what is meant by double circulation.

What is the primary function of albumins in blood plasma?

Plasma constitutes nearly 70 percent of blood volume.

What is serum?

The fluid matrix of blood is known as ______.

Match the following components of plasma with their functions:

Which of the following minerals is NOT typically found in plasma?

Lymph and blood serve similar functions in transporting substances in the body.

Plasma constitutes ______ percent of blood volume.

What type of heart do amphibians and reptiles possess?

The lymphatic system collects tissue fluid called ______.

Match the following heart types with their characteristics:

Which system allows a more precise regulation of blood flow?

The heart in amphibians pumps both oxygenated and deoxygenated blood through a separate ventricle.

What do fats get absorbed through in the lymphatic system?

What is the main component that gives red blood cells their color?

Leucocytes are more abundant than erythrocytes in the blood.

What type of white blood cells are primarily responsible for immune responses?

The lifespan of RBCs is approximately ______ days.

Which of the following types of white blood cells is involved in allergic reactions?

Granulocytes consist of neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocytes.

The average number of leucocytes in blood is approximately _______ per mm–3.

What is the primary role of the sino-atrial node (SAN) in the heart?

The cardiac cycle includes both the contraction systole and the relaxation diastole.

What is the average stroke volume during a cardiac cycle?

What is the primary function of the cardiac output?

The first heart sound (lub) occurs during the opening of the tricuspid and bicuspid valves.

The volume of blood pumped from each ventricle per minute is known as the ________.

Which of the following statements regarding heart failure is true?

Which sound is associated with the closure of the semilunar valves?

The pulmonary artery carries oxygenated blood to the lungs.

What structures separate the right atrium from the right ventricle?

Match the following heart-related terms with their definitions:

Which component of the heart is responsible for initiating the heartbeat?

The systemic circulation carries deoxygenated blood from the body back to the heart.

The medical term for the graph that records the electrical activity of the heart is called an ______.

Match the following heart terms with their functions:

What role do platelets play in the circulatory system?

The heart's activities are completely independent of external neural and hormonal influences.

Type O blood can be donated to any other blood group.

How many surface antigens determine the ABO blood group?

What is the main component of plasma?

Plasma contains minerals such as Na+ and Cl–.

Individuals with blood group AB are known as __________.