NCERT - BODY FLUIDS & CIRCULATION - 24-25
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Questions and Answers

What percentage of blood is constituted by formed elements?

  • 45% (correct)
  • 60%
  • 30%
  • 75%

    • Red blood cells (RBCs) have a nucleus.

    False (B)

    What is the average lifespan of red blood cells?

    120 days

    Erythrocytes are also known as ______.

    <p>red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Leucocytes are colorless due to the presence of hemoglobin.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of white blood cell is most abundant?

    <p>Neutrophils (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of leucocytes to their functions:

    <p>Neutrophils = Phagocytic cells that destroy foreign organisms Basophils = Involved in inflammatory reactions Eosinophils = Resist infections and associated with allergic reactions Lymphocytes = Responsible for immune responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main protein found in red blood cells that is responsible for transporting respiratory gases?

    <p>hemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of platelets?

    <p>Facilitate blood clotting (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Blood group O is known as the universal recipient.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two natural antibodies present in the plasma?

    <p>anti-A and anti-B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Individuals with a blood group AB can receive blood from groups _____, _____, _____, and _____.

    <p>AB, A, B, O</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following blood groups with their characteristics:

    <p>A = Has anti-B antibodies B = Has anti-A antibodies AB = Universal recipient O = Universal donor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of humans are Rh positive?

    <p>80% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Platelets are produced from red blood cells in the bone marrow.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of a reduction in platelets?

    <p>Clotting disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition can occur if a Rh-ve mother has a Rh+ve fetus in subsequent pregnancies?

    <p>Erythroblastosis foetalis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Rh antibodies can be harmful to the fetus only during the first pregnancy.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of thrombin in blood coagulation?

    <p>Thrombin converts inactive fibrinogen to fibrin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The enzyme complex required for the formation of thrombin is called __________.

    <p>thrombokinase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors is crucial for blood clotting?

    <p>Calcium ions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the components with their functions in blood coagulation:

    <p>Fibrin = Forms the mesh for the clot Thrombin = Activates fibrinogen Prothrombin = Inactive precursor of thrombin Platelets = Initiate the coagulation process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be done to prevent erythroblastosis foetalis after the first child's birth?

    <p>Administer anti-Rh antibodies to the mother.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the first pregnancy, the maternal blood and fetal blood are completely mixed.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the valves in the human heart?

    <p>To ensure blood flows in only one direction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The walls of the ventricles are thinner than the walls of the atria.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure that separates the right atrium from the right ventricle?

    <p>Tricuspid valve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The heart is situated in the ______ cavity.

    <p>thoracic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following structures of the heart with their respective descriptions:

    <p>Atria = Upper chambers of the heart Ventricles = Lower chambers of the heart Sino-atrial node = Natural pacemaker of the heart Atrioventricular node = Controls the contraction of ventricles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of muscle makes up the entire heart structure?

    <p>Cardiac muscle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pericardium is a single layer that protects the heart.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the two main types of circulatory pathways in organisms with double circulation.

    <p>Systemic and pulmonary pathways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is defined as the volume of blood pumped out by each ventricle per minute?

    <p>Cardiac output (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The first heart sound (lub) is associated with the closure of the semilunar valves.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average heart rate in beats per minute for a healthy individual?

    <p>72</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During each cardiac cycle, each ventricle pumps out approximately __________ mL of blood.

    <p>70</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their descriptions:

    <p>Stroke volume = Volume of blood pumped per heartbeat Cardiac output = Volume of blood pumped per minute Systole = Contraction of heart muscles Diastole = Relaxation of heart muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long does one complete cardiac cycle take?

    <p>0.8 seconds (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The electrocardiogram (ECG) provides a graphical representation of the mechanical activity of the heart.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What generates the action potential that starts the cardiac cycle?

    <p>Sinoatrial node (SAN)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the P-wave in an ECG represent?

    <p>Atrial depolarisation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The QRS complex indicates the contraction of the atria.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of counting the number of QRS complexes in a given time period?

    <p>To determine the heart beat rate of an individual.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _____ circulation is responsible for delivering oxygenated blood to the tissues.

    <p>systemic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of blood circulation with their descriptions:

    <p>Pulmonary circulation = Carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs Systemic circulation = Delivers oxygenated blood to the body Pulmonary veins = Carries oxygenated blood to the left atrium Aorta = Distributes oxygen-rich blood to the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the T-wave in an ECG signify?

    <p>Ventricular repolarisation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The tunica media is thicker in veins than in arteries.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to deoxygenated blood pumped into the pulmonary artery?

    <p>It goes to the lungs for oxygenation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which white blood cells are responsible for immune responses in the body?

    <p>Lymphocytes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Erythrocytes are the least abundant type of cells found in blood.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average number of leucocytes in mm–3 of blood?

    <p>6000-8000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The average lifespan of red blood cells is ______ days.

    <p>120</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of white blood cells are neutrophils?

    <p>60-65% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Platelets are nucleated cells found in blood.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of haemoglobin in red blood cells?

    <p>Transport of respiratory gases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Rh antibodies from an Rh-ve mother are harmless during the first pregnancy.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the small proteins that help in the formation of fibrins during blood coagulation?

    <p>Thrombin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Calcium ions play a crucial role in the __________ process.

    <p>coagulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components with their roles in coagulation:

    <p>Fibrinogen = Converted to fibrin Prothrombin = Precursor to thrombin Thrombokinase = Enzyme complex initiating clotting Calcium ions = Essential for clotting reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary outcome of the mother receiving anti-Rh antibodies after the birth of her first child?

    <p>Prevention of Rh antibody formation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Blood coagulation occurs immediately after an injury.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the dark reddish-brown scum formed at the site of a cut or injury called?

    <p>Clot or coagulam</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the valvular system in the human heart?

    <p>To prevent backflow of blood (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sino-atrial node (SAN) is located in the lower left corner of the right atrium.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood group is known as the universal donor?

    <p>O (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of muscle makes up the entire structure of the heart?

    <p>Cardiac muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Individuals with blood group AB can receive blood from any blood type.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The thick muscular wall that separates the right and left ventricles is called the __________.

    <p>inter-ventricular septum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two natural antibodies present in the plasma of individuals with blood group O?

    <p>anti-A, anti-B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following heart valves with their respective positions:

    <p>Tricuspid valve = Between right atrium and right ventricle Bicuspid (mitral) valve = Between left atrium and left ventricle Semilunar valves = At the openings of the ventricles into the aorta and pulmonary artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The presence of the _____ antigen on red blood cells defines an individual as Rh positive.

    <p>Rh</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following chambers are considered upper chambers of the heart?

    <p>Atria (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The thickness of the walls of the ventricles is less than that of the atria.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the human heart located in the body?

    <p>Thoracic cavity between the two lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of a reduction in platelet count?

    <p>Clotting disorders and excessive blood loss (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the cells that produce platelets in the bone marrow.

    <p>megakaryocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Rh antibodies can only harm the fetus during the first pregnancy.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average cardiac output in a healthy individual?

    <p>5000 mL (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The first heart sound (lub) is produced by the closure of the semilunar valves.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ is a graphical representation of the electrical activity of the heart during a cardiac cycle.

    <p>electrocardiogram</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components with their respective functions related to the cardiac cycle:

    <p>Systole = Contraction phase of the heart Diastole = Relaxation phase of the heart Cardiac output = Volume of blood pumped per minute Stroke volume = Volume of blood pumped per heartbeat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the electrocardiogram (ECG) reflects the contraction of the ventricles?

    <p>QRS complex (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The stroke volume is approximately 70 mL of blood pumped out by each ventricle during each cardiac cycle.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What generates a new action potential to start the next cardiac cycle?

    <p>SAN (Sinoatrial Node)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the pulmonary circulation?

    <p>To pump deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygenation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sino-atrial node is referred to as the pacemaker of the heart.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the two main types of circulatory pathways in double circulation.

    <p>Pulmonary and systemic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _____ blood group is known as the universal recipient.

    <p>AB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the components of the heart with their functions:

    <p>Atrioventricular node = Coordinates the heartbeat Sino-atrial node = Pacemaker of the heart Right ventricle = Pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs Left ventricle = Pumps oxygenated blood to the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about diastole is correct?

    <p>It occurs when the heart chambers are filled with blood. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The systemic circulation carries deoxygenated blood from the body tissues back to the heart.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a cardiac cycle?

    <p>The sequence of events in one heartbeat, including contraction and relaxation of the heart muscles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of plasma is made up of water?

    <p>90-92% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Globulins primarily assist in blood clotting.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for plasma without clotting factors?

    <p>serum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The main function of __________ in blood is to help maintain osmotic balance.

    <p>albumins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following body fluids with their roles:

    <p>Blood = Transport of nutrients and gases Lymph = Transport of immune cells Serum = Liquid component after clotting Plasma = Fluid matrix of blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a major protein found in plasma that is essential for blood coagulation?

    <p>Fibrinogen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sponges and coelenterates circulate water within their body cavities to assist in substance exchange.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of fibrinogen in the blood?

    <p>clotting or coagulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of white blood cell?

    <p>Platelet (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Erythrocytes contain a nucleus in most mammals.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two major types of lymphocytes?

    <p>B and T lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Leucocytes are otherwise known as __________.

    <p>white blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of leukocyte with its function:

    <p>Neutrophil = Phagocytosis of pathogens Basophil = Secretion of histamine Eosinophil = Combat allergic reactions Lymphocyte = Immune responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average number of RBCs in a healthy adult male per mm–3 of blood?

    <p>5 to 5.5 million (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Basophils are the most abundant type of white blood cells.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do neutrophils and monocytes play in the body?

    <p>Phagocytosis of foreign organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary fluid collected by the lymphatic system?

    <p>Interstitial fluid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A closed circulatory system allows for more precise regulation of blood flow.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of heart does a typical fish possess?

    <p>2-chambered heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The colourless fluid in the lymphatic system is called __________.

    <p>lymph</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of circulatory system is found in arthropods and molluscs?

    <p>Open (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following heart types with their corresponding characteristics:

    <p>2-chambered heart = Fish 3-chambered heart = Amphibians and reptiles 4-chambered heart = Crocodiles, birds, and mammals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In amphibians and reptiles, oxygenated and deoxygenated blood mix in a single ventricle.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What substance is absorbed through lymph in the lacteals?

    <p>Fats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of platelets in the blood?

    <p>Coagulation and clotting (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Individuals with blood group O can receive blood from persons with any other blood group.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two antigens that the ABO blood group system is based on?

    <p>A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Individuals with an Rh antigen are classified as _______.

    <p>Rh positive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the blood groups with their compatibility:

    <p>A = Can donate to A and AB B = Can donate to B and AB AB = Universal recipient O = Universal donor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can a Rh-ve mother develop after carrying a Rh+ve fetus in subsequent pregnancies?

    <p>Erythroblastosis foetalis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Group AB individuals have no antibodies in their plasma.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two natural antibodies found in the plasma related to ABO blood groups?

    <p>anti-A and anti-B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average duration of a cardiac cycle?

    <p>0.8 seconds (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The heart beats approximately 60 times per minute in a healthy individual.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the volume of blood that each ventricle pumps out during each cardiac cycle?

    <p>70 mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The closure of the __________ and __________ valves is associated with the first heart sound (lub).

    <p>tricuspid, bicuspid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the cardiac output characteristics with their definitions:

    <p>Stroke volume = Volume of blood pumped per beat Heart rate = Number of beats per minute Cardiac output = Total volume pumped per minute Diastole = Relaxation phase of the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    From which part of the body does blood flow into the right atrium?

    <p>Superior and inferior vena cava (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What produces the second heart sound (dub) in the cardiac cycle?

    <p>Closure of the semilunar valves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following waves in an ECG represents the depolarization of the ventricles?

    <p>QRS complex (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The T-wave in an ECG represents the repolarization of the atria.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The three layers of blood vessels are the tunica intima, tunica media, and __________.

    <p>tunica externa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of the ECG with their functions:

    <p>P-wave = Atrial depolarization QRS complex = Ventricular depolarization T-wave = Ventricular repolarization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes the structure of arteries compared to veins?

    <p>A and C only (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The QRS complex marks the beginning of diastole in the heart cycle.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of counting the number of QRS complexes in a given time period?

    <p>To determine the heart rate of an individual.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of platelets in the blood?

    <p>Involved in blood clotting (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Blood group O can be safely donated to individuals with any blood type.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two surface antigens involved in the ABO blood grouping?

    <p>A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Individuals who are ______ positive have the Rh antigen present on their RBCs.

    <p>Rh</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood group has no antigens present on the RBCs?

    <p>O (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following blood groups with their corresponding characteristics:

    <p>A = Has A antigen and anti-B antibodies B = Has B antigen and anti-A antibodies AB = Has both A and B antigens, no antibodies O = Has no antigens and anti-A, B antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Rh negative individuals can receive blood from Rh positive donors.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What natural antibodies are found in the plasma of blood group A?

    <p>anti-B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is erythroblastosis foetalis?

    <p>A condition where the fetal RBCs are destroyed by maternal Rh antibodies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Rh antigens from the fetus do not come into contact with the mother's blood during the first pregnancy.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do calcium ions play in blood coagulation?

    <p>Calcium ions are crucial for the clotting process as they facilitate various enzymatic reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The enzyme that converts fibrinogen to fibrin is called __________.

    <p>thrombin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components involved in blood coagulation with their functions:

    <p>Fibrinogen = Converted to fibrin Thrombin = Enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of fibrinogen Prothrombin = Inactive precursor of thrombin Thrombokinase = Initiates the coagulation cascade</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these factors can trigger the coagulation process?

    <p>Tissue factors at the injury site (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The administration of anti-Rh antibodies is necessary after the delivery of the first Rh+ve child for Rh-ve mothers.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What substance do platelets release to initiate blood coagulation?

    <p>Platelets release factors that activate the coagulation cascade.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the total volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute?

    <p>Cardiac Output (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What average volume of blood does each ventricle pump out during a cardiac cycle?

    <p>70 mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the duration of one complete cardiac cycle?

    <p>0.8 seconds (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the sounds of the heart with their events:

    <p>Lub = Closure of tricuspid and bicuspid valves Dub = Closure of semilunar valves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An ECG provides a graphical representation of the mechanical activity of the heart.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What generates the action potential that initiates the cardiac cycle?

    <p>Sinoatrial Node (SAN)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure separates the left atrium from the left ventricle?

    <p>Bicuspid valve (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sino-atrial node is located in the left atrium.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What prevents the backward flow of blood in the human heart?

    <p>Valves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The human heart is protected by a double walled membranous bag called the ______.

    <p>pericardium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of blood vessels with their primary function:

    <p>Arteries = Carry blood away from the heart Veins = Carry blood back to the heart Capillaries = Facilitate the exchange of gases and nutrients Pulmonary artery = Carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the nodal tissue in the heart?

    <p>To initiate and regulate heartbeats (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The wall that separates the right atrium and the right ventricle is known as the ______.

    <p>tricuspid valve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The walls of the ventricles are thinner than those of the atria.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the hepatic portal vein?

    <p>To carry blood from the intestines to the liver (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sympathetic nervous system decreases the heart rate.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of angina pectoris?

    <p>acute chest pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    High blood pressure is also known as ______.

    <p>hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following disorders of the circulatory system with their descriptions:

    <p>Hypertension = Higher than normal blood pressure Coronary Artery Disease = Narrowing of arteries due to deposits Angina = Chest pain due to oxygen deprivation Heart Failure = Ineffective blood pumping by the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is known to increase cardiac output?

    <p>Adrenaline (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The heart is regulated intrinsically by nodal tissue.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major consequence of coronary artery disease?

    <p>decreased blood supply to the heart muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the sino-atrial node in the heart?

    <p>Generating action potentials (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The left ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the aorta.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define double circulation.

    <p>Double circulation refers to the presence of two separate circulatory pathways: pulmonary and systemic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ phase of the cardiac cycle involves the contraction of the heart.

    <p>systole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following components is responsible for blood coagulation?

    <p>Platelets (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the atrio-ventricular node in heart function?

    <p>The atrio-ventricular node helps to regulate the timing of electrical signals between the atria and ventricles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of albumins in blood plasma?

    <p>Osmotic balance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lymph is the only body fluid responsible for transporting nutrients and waste in higher organisms.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary components of blood plasma?

    <p>Water and proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The straw-colored, viscous fluid in blood is known as ______.

    <p>plasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the blood components with their primary functions:

    <p>Fibrinogen = Clotting of blood Globulins = Defense mechanisms Albumins = Osmotic balance Serum = Plasma without clotting factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a major protein found in blood plasma?

    <p>Cholesterol (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of blood in the body?

    <p>Transport nutrients and waste</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lymph fluid helps in transporting nutrients as effectively as blood.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true about erythrocytes?

    <p>Both B and C are correct. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Leucocytes are the most abundant cells in blood.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main categories of leucocytes?

    <p>Granulocytes and agranulocytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary function of neutrophils is to ______ foreign organisms.

    <p>destroy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of leucocyte is involved in allergic reactions?

    <p>Eosinophil (C), Basophil (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the hepatic portal vein?

    <p>Carries blood from the intestines to the liver (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hypertension is defined as a blood pressure reading of 140/90 or higher.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The spleen is known as the graveyard of neutrophils.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the condition known as angina?

    <p>A symptom of acute chest pain due to insufficient oxygen reaching the heart muscle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average number of leucocytes found in mm–3 of blood?

    <p>6000-8000 WBCs/mm–3.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _______ system regulates heart activity through neural signals.

    <p>autonomic nervous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following disorders with their descriptions:

    <p>Hypertension = Higher than normal blood pressure Coronary Artery Disease = Narrowing of arteries supplying the heart muscle Angina = Chest pain due to insufficient blood flow Heart Failure = Ineffective pumping of blood by the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for increasing heart rate?

    <p>Sympathetic nerve (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The adrenal medullary hormones can decrease cardiac output.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary function does the hepatic portal system serve?

    <p>It transports blood from the digestive tract to the liver.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the heart generates the action potentials that set the pace of the heartbeat?

    <p>Sino-atrial node (SAN) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cardiac arrest and heart failure are the same condition.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition can result from Rh incompatibility during subsequent pregnancies?

    <p>Erythroblastosis foetalis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the volume of blood pumped by each ventricle during one cardiac cycle?

    <p>stroke volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ is a muscular pumping organ found in the circulatory system.

    <p>heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Rh antigens of the fetus are always exposed to the maternal blood during the first pregnancy.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What important role do calcium ions play in blood coagulation?

    <p>Calcium ions are crucial for the activation of various factors in the coagulation cascade.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of the cardiac cycle with their descriptions:

    <p>Systole = Contraction phase of the heart where blood is pumped out Diastole = Relaxation phase of the heart where it fills with blood Cardiac output = Volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute Heart rate = Number of heartbeats per minute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood group is considered the universal donor?

    <p>O (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The formation of _____ is necessary to trap dead and damaged formed elements during blood clotting.

    <p>fibrin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All vertebrates have a closed circulatory system.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of blood coagulation with their roles:

    <p>Fibrin = Forms the clot Thrombin = Converts fibrinogen to fibrin Prothrombin = Inactive precursor of thrombin Thrombokinase = Activates prothrombin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initial event triggers the mechanism of blood coagulation?

    <p>Platelets releasing certain factors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average heart rate for a healthy individual in beats per minute?

    <p>72</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Administering anti-Rh antibodies after the first child's birth can help prevent erythroblastosis foetalis.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of thrombin in the blood coagulation process?

    <p>Thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin, which is essential for clot formation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the sino-atrial node in the heart?

    <p>Regulates heart rhythm. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by double circulation?

    <p>Two separate circulatory pathways for pulmonary and systemic circulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The heart's electrical activity is recorded by an _______.

    <p>electrocardiograph</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following segments of the cardiac cycle with their description:

    <p>Systole = Contraction phase of the heart Diastole = Relaxation phase of the heart Cardiac output = Volume of blood pumped per minute Heart sounds = Sounds produced by closing valves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the role of plasma proteins?

    <p>Maintaining blood volume and pressure. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The atrio-ventricular node plays no significant role in heart functioning.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the pulmonary circulation?

    <p>It oxygenates deoxygenated blood by transporting it to the lungs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of lymph in the body?

    <p>Carry nutrients and hormones (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All vertebrates have a muscular, chambered heart.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fluid present in the lymphatic system called?

    <p>lymph</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fats are absorbed through lymph in the ______ present in the intestinal villi.

    <p>lacteals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the organism type to its circulatory system.

    <p>Arthropods = Open circulatory system Chordates = Closed circulatory system Molluscs = Open circulatory system Annelids = Closed circulatory system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of heart do fish possess?

    <p>2-chambered heart (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Amphibians and reptiles have a complete double circulation.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of interstitial fluid in nutrient exchange?

    <p>It allows for the exchange of nutrients, gases, and waste between blood and cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition occurs when a Rh-ve mother has a Rh+ve fetus in subsequent pregnancies?

    <p>Erythroblastosis foetalis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Rh antigens of the fetus get exposed to the maternal blood during the first pregnancy.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What substance is formed from inactive fibrinogen during blood coagulation?

    <p>Fibrin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Anti-Rh antibodies should be administered to the mother ______ after delivery to prevent complications in future pregnancies.

    <p>immediately</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms related to blood coagulation with their descriptions:

    <p>Fibrin = Forms the mesh in a blood clot Thrombin = Converts fibrinogen to fibrin Prothrombin = Inactive precursor to thrombin Thrombokinase = Enzyme complex that activates thrombin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Blood clotting is a mechanism to prevent excessive loss of blood from the body.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the Rh antibodies from a Rh-ve mother if they enter the bloodstream of a Rh+ve fetus?

    <p>They can destroy the fetal red blood cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure initiates the cardiac cycle by generating action potentials?

    <p>Sinoatrial Node (SAN) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ventricles contract during ventricular diastole.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The valves that prevent backflow of blood into the atria during ventricular systole are called __________ valves.

    <p>tricuspid and bicuspid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of the cardiac conduction system with their functions:

    <p>Sinoatrial Node (SAN) = Pacemaker of the heart Atrioventricular Node (AVN) = Delayed conduction to ventricles AV Bundle (Bundle of His) = Transmits impulses to ventricles Purkinje fibers = Contraction of ventricular musculature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the process of atrial systole?

    <p>Both atria contract, increasing blood flow into the ventricles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The semilunar valves are open during atrial systole.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many action potentials can the Sinoatrial Node generate per minute?

    <p>70-75</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is defined as the volume of blood pumped out by each ventricle during one contraction?

    <p>stroke volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During each cardiac cycle, the ventricles and atria are in a relaxed state known as __________.

    <p>joint diastole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of the cardiac output calculation with their definitions:

    <p>Stroke Volume = Volume of blood pumped per contraction Heart Rate = Number of heart beats per minute Cardiac Output = Total volume of blood pumped in a minute SV x HR = Formula to calculate cardiac output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An electrocardiogram (ECG) is a representation of the electrical activity of the heart.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the QRS complex in an ECG represent?

    <p>Ventricular depolarization (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The T-wave indicates the contraction of the atria.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the pulmonary circulation?

    <p>To carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygenation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _____ circulation provides nutrients and oxygen to tissues.

    <p>systemic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following ECG components with their functions:

    <p>P-wave = Atrial depolarization QRS complex = Ventricular depolarization T-wave = Ventricular repolarization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of blood vessels is primarily responsible for regulating blood flow and pressure?

    <p>Tunica media (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All ECGs have a similar shape for a given lead configuration.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the hepatic portal vein primarily carry blood from?

    <p>Intestine to liver (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The autonomic nervous system can only decrease the heart rate and cardiac output.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe high blood pressure?

    <p>Hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The disease characterized by deposits narrowing the arteries supplying blood to the heart muscle is called __________.

    <p>Coronary Artery Disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following heart conditions with their descriptions:

    <p>Hypertension = Long-term high blood pressure leading to heart disease Angina = Chest pain caused by insufficient oxygen to the heart muscle Heart Failure = Ineffective pumping of blood by the heart Coronary Artery Disease = Narrowing of arteries due to deposits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors can increase cardiac output?

    <p>Adrenal medullary hormones (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Angina can occur in individuals of any age but is more common among the elderly.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The heart is regulated intrinsically by specialized muscles known as __________.

    <p>nodal tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Individuals with blood group O can receive blood from any other blood group.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two surface antigens involved in the ABO blood grouping system?

    <p>A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    People with the AB blood group can receive blood from ________ without complications.

    <p>any group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the blood groups with their corresponding antigens and antibodies:

    <p>A = Antigen A, antibody anti-B B = Antigen B, antibody anti-A AB = Antigens A and B, no antibodies O = No antigens, antibodies anti-A and anti-B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Rh positive individuals lack the Rh antigen on their red blood cells.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can happen if a Rh-negative mother has an Rh-positive fetus during subsequent pregnancies?

    <p>Erythroblastosis fetalis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average number of leukocytes found in a healthy adult's blood per mm–3?

    <p>6000-8000 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Basophils are the most abundant type of leukocyte in the bloodstream.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of red blood cells?

    <p>Transport respiratory gases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _____ are involved in allergic reactions and secrete substances like histamine.

    <p>Basophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of white blood cells are responsible for immune responses?

    <p>Lymphocytes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Red blood cells have a nucleus in most mammals.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the lifespan of red blood cells in the human body?

    <p>120 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition can lead to severe anaemia or jaundice in a newborn baby?

    <p>Erythroblastosis foetalis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Rh antigens from the fetus enter the maternal blood in the first pregnancy.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What substance is converted into fibrin in the blood clotting process?

    <p>Fibrinogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The enzyme complex required for the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin is called __________.

    <p>thrombokinase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components with their roles in blood coagulation:

    <p>Fibrinogen = Converted to fibrin Thrombin = Activates fibrinogen Calcium ions = Essential for clotting Platelets = Initiate coagulation response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of anti-Rh antibodies administered to the mother after the first child?

    <p>To neutralize Rh antibodies in maternal blood (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Calcium ions play no significant role in the blood clotting process.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the immune response where Rh-negative mothers produce antibodies against Rh-positive blood?

    <p>Rh incompatibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The open circulatory system allows blood to flow freely through various body cavities.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure collects and drains interstitial fluid back to the major veins?

    <p>Lymphatic system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following circulatory systems with their characteristics:

    <p>Open = Blood is pumped into body cavities Closed = Blood is contained within vessels Single Circulation = Occurs in fishes Double Circulation = Occurs in birds and mammals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of heart represents amphibians and most reptiles?

    <p>3-chambered (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The heart of fishes pumps out deoxygenated blood that gets oxygenated by the gills.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main liquid component of lymph?

    <p>Interstitial fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average duration of a cardiac cycle in seconds?

    <p>0.8 seconds (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The stroke volume is defined as the total volume of blood pumped by the heart in one minute.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two prominent sounds produced during a cardiac cycle?

    <p>lub and dub</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The average cardiac output for a healthy individual is approximately __________ mL.

    <p>5000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components with their respective definitions:

    <p>Stroke Volume = Volume of blood pumped per heartbeat Heart Rate = Number of beats per minute Cardiac Output = Total volume of blood pumped per minute Atria = Upper chambers of the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many times does the heart typically beat per minute?

    <p>72 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What leads are commonly used to obtain an ECG?

    <p>One lead on each wrist and one on the left ankle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The heart has no intrinsic regulation and solely relies on external neural control.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by a systolic blood pressure of 140 mm Hg or higher?

    <p>hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Coronary Artery Disease is often referred to as ______.

    <p>atherosclerosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the autonomic nervous system increases the heart rate?

    <p>Sympathetic nervous system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the heart muscle when it is not receiving enough oxygen?

    <p>angina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main component of plasma in blood?

    <p>Water (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary function of globulins in plasma is to assist in water regulation.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is plasma without clotting factors called?

    <p>serum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fibrinogen is essential for __________ of blood.

    <p>coagulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following minerals is found in plasma?

    <p>Calcium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All living cells are dependent on external body fluids for nutrient supply.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which body fluid is most commonly used for the transport of substances in higher organisms?

    <p>blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best explains the primary function of the heart?

    <p>To circulate blood throughout the body (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The stroke volume is defined as the volume of blood pumped out by each ventricle per minute.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pace-setter of the heart that generates action potentials?

    <p>Sino-atrial node (SAN)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The average heart rate for a healthy individual is approximately _____ beats per minute.

    <p>72</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of the circulatory system with their functions:

    <p>Heart = Pumps blood throughout the body Arteries = Carry blood away from the heart Veins = Bring blood back to the heart Capillaries = Site of nutrient and gas exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The T-wave marks the beginning of systole.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is cardiac output?

    <p>Volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of the pulmonary circulation?

    <p>To transport deoxygenated blood to the lungs and return oxygenated blood to the heart.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Blood group AB has both A and B antigens present on the red blood cells.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The contraction of the ventricles is initiated by the __________ complex.

    <p>QRS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do you call the phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart muscle relaxes?

    <p>Diastole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the structure of blood vessels is true?

    <p>Arteries consist of three layers including an inner lining, a middle layer, and an external layer. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The systemic circulation is responsible for providing nutrients and oxygen to tissues.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The heart's activity is primarily regulated by the autonomic nervous system.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    High blood pressure is medically known as __________.

    <p>hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Coronary Artery Disease is also known as atherosclerosis.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average blood pressure considered normal?

    <p>120/80 mm Hg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Sinoatrial Node (SAN) in the heart?

    <p>Maintaining heart rhythm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The right and left bundle branches arise from the atrioventricular node (AVN).

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During ventricular __________, the ventricles contract and pump blood into the circulatory system.

    <p>systole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which valves are open during the initial stage of the cardiac cycle?

    <p>Mitral and tricuspid valves (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During ventricular diastole, the semilunar valves are open.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of the action potential generated by the SAN on the atria?

    <p>Simultaneous contraction (atrial systole)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The systemic circulation is responsible for carrying deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of plasma proteins in the blood?

    <p>Regulation of blood volume and pressure, transportation of nutrients and hormones, and immune function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ circulation involves the pumping of oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the body.

    <p>systemic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the heart components with their functions:

    <p>Sino-atrial node = Pacemaker of the heart Atrioventricular node = Delays impulse to allow ventricle filling Left ventricle = Pumps oxygenated blood to the body Right ventricle = Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of diastole?

    <p>Filling of the heart chambers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The electrocardiogram (ECG) measures only mechanical activity of the heart.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain what is meant by double circulation.

    <p>Double circulation refers to the two distinct pathways of blood flow: pulmonary circulation for oxygenation in the lungs and systemic circulation for delivering oxygenated blood to the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of albumins in blood plasma?

    <p>Help in osmotic balance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Plasma constitutes nearly 70 percent of blood volume.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is serum?

    <p>Plasma without clotting factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The fluid matrix of blood is known as ______.

    <p>plasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of plasma with their functions:

    <p>Fibrinogen = Clotting factor Globulins = Defense mechanisms Albumins = Osmotic balance Electrolytes = Regulate nerve and muscle function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following minerals is NOT typically found in plasma?

    <p>Iron (Fe) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lymph and blood serve similar functions in transporting substances in the body.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Plasma constitutes ______ percent of blood volume.

    <p>55</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of heart do amphibians and reptiles possess?

    <p>3-chambered heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The lymphatic system collects tissue fluid called ______.

    <p>lymph</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following heart types with their characteristics:

    <p>2-chambered heart = Found in fishes 3-chambered heart = Found in amphibians and reptiles (except crocodiles) 4-chambered heart = Found in crocodiles, birds, and mammals Closed circulatory system = Present in annelids and chordates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system allows a more precise regulation of blood flow?

    <p>Closed circulatory system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The heart in amphibians pumps both oxygenated and deoxygenated blood through a separate ventricle.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do fats get absorbed through in the lymphatic system?

    <p>lacteals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main component that gives red blood cells their color?

    <p>Haemoglobin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Leucocytes are more abundant than erythrocytes in the blood.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of white blood cells are primarily responsible for immune responses?

    <p>Lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The lifespan of RBCs is approximately ______ days.

    <p>120</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following types of white blood cells is involved in allergic reactions?

    <p>Basophils (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Granulocytes consist of neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocytes.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The average number of leucocytes in blood is approximately _______ per mm–3.

    <p>6000-8000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the sino-atrial node (SAN) in the heart?

    <p>To generate action potentials (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cardiac cycle includes both the contraction systole and the relaxation diastole.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average stroke volume during a cardiac cycle?

    <p>70 mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the cardiac output?

    <p>To quantify the volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The first heart sound (lub) occurs during the opening of the tricuspid and bicuspid valves.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The volume of blood pumped from each ventricle per minute is known as the ________.

    <p>cardiac output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements regarding heart failure is true?

    <p>It can cause congestion of the lungs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sound is associated with the closure of the semilunar valves?

    <p>Second heart sound (dub) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pulmonary artery carries oxygenated blood to the lungs.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structures separate the right atrium from the right ventricle?

    <p>tricuspid valve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following heart-related terms with their definitions:

    <p>Stroke Volume = Volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per heartbeat Cardiac Output = Volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute Systole = Phase of contraction of the heart Diastole = Phase of relaxation of the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the heart is responsible for initiating the heartbeat?

    <p>Sinoatrial node (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The systemic circulation carries deoxygenated blood from the body back to the heart.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The medical term for the graph that records the electrical activity of the heart is called an ______.

    <p>electrocardiogram</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following heart terms with their functions:

    <p>Systole = Contraction of heart chambers Diastole = Relaxation of heart chambers Cardiac output = Volume of blood pumped per minute Pacemaker = Regulates heart rhythm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do platelets play in the circulatory system?

    <p>Aid in blood coagulation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The heart's activities are completely independent of external neural and hormonal influences.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Type O blood can be donated to any other blood group.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many surface antigens determine the ABO blood group?

    <p>Two</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main component of plasma?

    <p>Water (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Plasma contains minerals such as Na+ and Cl–.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Individuals with blood group AB are known as __________.

    <p>universal recipients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the blood groups with their corresponding antibodies:

    <p>A = anti-B B = anti-A AB = nil O = anti-A, anti-B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary proteins involved in the defense mechanisms of the body are called ______.

    <p>globulins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What blood group can receive donations from any other group?

    <p>Group AB (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Rh-positive individuals lack the Rh antigen.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of blood with their primary functions:

    <p>Fibrinogen = Clotting of blood Globulins = Defense mechanisms Albumins = Osmotic balance Plasma = Transporting substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of plasma proteins like fibrinogen?

    <p>Clotting of blood (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate range of platelets found in a healthy human's blood?

    <p>1,500,000 - 3,500,000 per mm–3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lymph is the only body fluid used for transporting substances in higher organisms.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What essential substances are necessary for healthy cell functioning?

    <p>Nutrients, O2, and other essential substances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition can result from Rh incompatibility during pregnancy?

    <p>Erythroblastosis foetalis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The placenta prevents maternal blood from mixing with fetal blood during pregnancy.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the components of blood coagulation with their functions:

    <p>Fibrinogen = Forms the clot framework Prothrombin = Precursor to thrombin Thrombokinase = Activates prothrombin Thrombin = Converts fibrinogen to fibrin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of Rh-ve mothers having Rh+ve children in subsequent pregnancies?

    <p>Rhesus disease in the fetus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Blood coagulation is an immediate response to injury.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one method to prevent erythroblastosis foetalis after the first childbirth?

    <p>Administering anti-Rh antibodies to the mother.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cardiac output of an athlete is generally lower than that of an ordinary person.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the volume of blood pumped out by each ventricle during a cardiac cycle?

    <p>70 mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sound associated with the closure of the tricuspid and bicuspid valves is known as the _____ sound.

    <p>lub</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which heart sound is associated with the closure of the semilunar valves?

    <p>Dub (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A typical electrocardiogram (ECG) is obtained by connecting multiple leads to different locations on the body.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The heart's activity is regulated exclusively by the autonomic nervous system.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is defined as high blood pressure, often noted as 140/90 or higher?

    <p>Hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Angina, or angina pectoris, is a symptom of __________ pain due to insufficient oxygen to the heart muscle.

    <p>chest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following heart-related conditions with their descriptions:

    <p>Hypertension = Higher than normal blood pressure Coronary Artery Disease = Narrowing of heart arteries Angina = Chest pain due to oxygen deficiency Heart Failure = Ineffective blood pumping by the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do adrenal medullary hormones play in the cardiovascular system?

    <p>They increase cardiac output (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Coronary artery disease is caused by an increase of calcium deposits only.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to describe the heart's ability to regulate its own activity?

    <p>myogenic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ is responsible for collecting deoxygenated blood from the body and returning it to the heart.

    <p>veins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the heart terms with their definitions:

    <p>Systole = Contraction phase of the heart Diastole = Relaxation phase of the heart P-wave = Atrial depolarization T-wave = Ventricular repolarization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do plasma proteins play in the body?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The heart is considered myogenic because it generates its own action potential.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the significance of the atrio-ventricular node in the heart.

    <p>It acts as a relay station, slowing down electrical impulses before they reach the ventricles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Blood plasma is more than 90% composed of proteins.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name two major proteins found in blood plasma.

    <p>Fibrinogen and globulins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Plasma without clotting factors is called __________.

    <p>serum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the components of plasma with their functions.

    <p>Fibrinogen = Clotting of blood Globulins = Defense mechanisms Albumins = Osmotic balance Electrolytes = Maintenance of pH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do albumins play in the blood?

    <p>Osmotic balance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of globulins in blood plasma?

    <p>Defense mechanisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lymph is a type of blood plasma that is used for nutrient transport.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All vertebrates possess a muscular single-chambered heart.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of circulatory system is considered more advantageous and why?

    <p>Closed circulatory system; because it allows for precise regulation of fluid flow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following organisms with their type of circulatory system:

    <p>Arthropods = Open circulatory system Molluscs = Open circulatory system Annelids = Closed circulatory system Chordates = Closed circulatory system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of groupings used for blood classification?

    <p>ABO and Rh</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the circulation in fishes?

    <p>Single circulation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Persons with blood group AB can accept blood from any group, classifying them as __________ recipients.

    <p>universal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the blood group of a person who can only donate to group AB?

    <p>AB (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Amphibians have a completely separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood circulation.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the blood groups with their respective antigens on RBCs:

    <p>Blood Group A = Antigen A Blood Group B = Antigen B Blood Group AB = Antigen A and B Blood Group O = No antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of circulatory pathways?

    <p>Open and closed circulatory systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The presence of the Rh antigen in the blood classifies individuals as Rh __________.

    <p>positive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The second heart sound (dub) is associated with the closure of the tricuspid valve.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate stroke volume for each ventricle during a cardiac cycle?

    <p>70 mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The electrocardiogram (ECG) is a graphical representation of the __________ activity of the heart.

    <p>electrical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the cardiac output average in a healthy individual?

    <p>5000 mL (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An athlete's cardiac output is typically lower than that of an ordinary person.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What sound is produced when the tricuspid and bicuspid valves close?

    <p>First heart sound (lub)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What separates the right atrium from the right ventricle?

    <p>Tricuspid valve (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sino-atrial node (SAN) is located in the left atrium.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the valves in the heart?

    <p>Prevent backward flow of blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The heart is protected by a double-walled ______.

    <p>pericardium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following parts of the heart with their corresponding functions:

    <p>Atria = Receive blood from the veins Ventricles = Pump blood out of the heart Valves = Ensure unidirectional blood flow Septum = Separates different chambers of the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which element of the heart is responsible for generating the action potential that initiates the cardiac cycle?

    <p>Sino-atrial node (SAN) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ventricular walls are thicker than those of the atria.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The left atrium and left ventricle are connected by the ______ valve.

    <p>bicuspid or mitral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The heart's activity is only regulated by neural signals from the brain.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does hypertension refer to in terms of blood pressure measurements?

    <p>Blood pressure higher than 140/90 mm Hg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The disease characterized by narrowed arteries due to deposits is called _______.

    <p>Coronary Artery Disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following conditions with their descriptions:

    <p>Hypertension = Higher than normal blood pressure Angina = Chest pain due to inadequate oxygen to the heart Heart Failure = Ineffective blood pumping by the heart Coronary Artery Disease = Narrowing of arteries supplying the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the autonomic nervous system decreases heart rate?

    <p>Parasympathetic nervous system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Adrenal medullary hormones have no effect on cardiac output.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of Angina?

    <p>Acute chest pain due to insufficient oxygen to the heart muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Formed elements

    Erythrocytes, leucocytes, and platelets are the formed elements that make up nearly 45% of the blood.

    Red blood cells (RBCs)

    The most abundant blood cell type, responsible for carrying oxygen.

    Hemoglobin

    An iron-containing protein in RBCs that carries oxygen.

    White blood cells (WBCs)

    Cells that protect the body from infection.

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    Granulocytes

    A type of WBC with granules in their cytoplasm.

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    Agranulocytes

    A type of white blood cell without granules.

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    Neutrophils

    The most abundant type of WBC involved in phagocytosis (eating foreign particles).

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    Lymphocytes

    WBCs involved in the specific immune response, including B cells and T cells.

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    Platelets (Thrombocytes)

    Cell fragments produced by megakaryocytes in bone marrow, crucial for blood clotting.

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    ABO Blood Groups

    A blood classification system based on the presence or absence of A and B antigens on red blood cells and corresponding antibodies in the plasma.

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    Blood Antigens

    Chemicals on red blood cells that can trigger an immune response.

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    Blood Antibodies

    Proteins produced by the immune system in response to antigens.

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    Universal Donor (Blood Type)

    Blood type O, which can be donated to any blood type without causing adverse reactions.

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    Universal Recipient (Blood Type)

    Blood type AB, which can receive blood from any blood type without triggering adverse reactions.

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    Rh Factor

    An antigen found on red blood cells in most people. Presence or absence of this antigen determines if blood type is Rh+ or Rh-.

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    Blood Transfusion

    The process of transferring blood from one person (donor) to another person (recipient).

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    Rh incompatibility

    A condition where an Rh-negative mother carrying an Rh-positive fetus can develop antibodies that attack the fetal blood cells.

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    Erythroblastosis fetalis

    A condition where a mother's antibodies attack the fetus's red blood cells.

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    Blood coagulation

    The process where blood changes from a liquid to a solid state, forming a clot to stop bleeding.

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    Fibrin

    A thread-like protein that forms the structure of a blood clot.

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    Fibrinogen

    An inactive protein in the blood plasma that converts into fibrin during clotting.

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    Thrombin

    An enzyme needed for converting fibrinogen into fibrin, essentially triggering the formation of blood clots.

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    Prothrombin

    An inactive blood plasma protein that converts into thrombin during the clotting process.

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    Thrombokinase

    Enzyme complex that triggers the conversion of prothrombin into thrombin, a key step in blood clotting.

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    Cardiac Cycle

    The rhythmic sequence of events in the heart, including relaxation (diastole) and contraction (systole) of the atria and ventricles, that repeats itself continuously.

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    Systole

    The phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart chambers contract, pumping blood out.

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    Diastole

    The phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart chambers relax, filling with blood.

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    Stroke Volume

    The volume of blood pumped out by each ventricle with each heartbeat.

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    Cardiac Output

    The total volume of blood pumped out by each ventricle per minute.

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    First Heart Sound (Lub)

    The sound produced by the closure of the tricuspid and bicuspid valves during ventricular contraction.

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    Second Heart Sound (Dub)

    The sound produced by the closure of the semilunar valves during ventricular relaxation.

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    Electrocardiogram (ECG)

    A graphical representation of the electrical activity of the heart during a cardiac cycle.

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    Double Circulation

    A circulatory system with two separate loops: one to the lungs and one to the rest of the body. This ensures efficient oxygen delivery and waste removal.

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    Human Heart Chambers

    The human heart has four chambers: two upper atria (receiving chambers) and two lower ventricles (pumping chambers).

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    Heart Septa

    Walls separating the heart chambers: inter-atrial septum divides the atria, inter-ventricular septum divides the ventricles, and the atrio-ventricular septum separates atria and ventricles on the same side.

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    Heart Valves

    Tricuspid valve (right atrium to ventricle), mitral valve (left atrium to ventricle), and semilunar valves (ventricles to arteries) prevent backflow of blood.

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    What is the function of heart valves?

    Heart valves regulate the flow of blood through the heart by preventing backflow. They ensure blood moves in one direction, from the atria to the ventricles and then to the arteries.

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    What is the difference between the atria and ventricles?

    The atria are smaller and act as receiving chambers, while the ventricles are larger and act as pumping chambers. The ventricles have thicker walls than the atria to generate more pressure.

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    Nodal Tissue

    Specialized heart muscle tissue that initiates and regulates heartbeat.

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    What is the function of the sino-atrial node (SAN)?

    The SAN, located in the right atrium, acts as the heart's natural pacemaker. It generates electrical impulses that control the heart's rhythm.

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    What does the P-wave represent in an ECG?

    The P-wave indicates the electrical excitation (depolarization) of the atria, leading to their contraction.

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    What does the QRS complex represent in an ECG?

    The QRS complex represents the depolarization of the ventricles, initiating their contraction, marking the beginning of systole.

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    What does the T-wave represent in an ECG?

    The T-wave signifies the repolarization of the ventricles, returning them to their resting state, marking the end of systole.

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    Tunica Intima

    The innermost layer of arteries and veins, composed of squamous endothelium.

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    Tunica Media

    The middle layer of arteries and veins, containing smooth muscle and elastic fibers.

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    Tunica Externa

    The outermost layer of arteries and veins, composed of fibrous connective tissue.

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    Pulmonary Circulation

    The pathway of blood flow from the right ventricle to the lungs and back to the left atrium.

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    Systemic Circulation

    The pathway of blood flow from the left ventricle to the rest of the body and back to the right atrium.

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    What are formed elements?

    Formed elements are the cellular components of blood, including erythrocytes (red blood cells), leucocytes (white blood cells), and platelets.

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    What are erythrocytes?

    Erythrocytes, or red blood cells, are the most abundant cells in blood. They are responsible for transporting oxygen throughout the body.

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    What is hemoglobin?

    Hemoglobin is an iron-containing protein found in erythrocytes that binds and carries oxygen.

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    What are leucocytes?

    Leucocytes, or white blood cells, are colorless cells involved in the immune system's defense against infections.

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    What are the types of leucocytes?

    There are two main types of leucocytes: granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils) and agranulocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes).

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    What are neutrophils?

    Neutrophils are the most abundant type of white blood cell. They are phagocytic cells that engulf and destroy foreign invaders.

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    What are lymphocytes?

    Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell involved in specific immune responses. They include B cells and T cells.

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    What are platelets?

    Platelets are cell fragments that play a crucial role in blood clotting.

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    What is the function of platelets?

    Platelets are essential for blood clotting. They release substances that help form a plug at the site of injury, preventing excessive blood loss.

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    What happens when there are too few platelets?

    A low platelet count can lead to clotting disorders, making it difficult for the body to stop bleeding. This can cause excessive blood loss, even from minor injuries.

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    What are ABO blood groups?

    ABO blood groups are a classification system for human blood based on the presence or absence of two antigens (A and B) on the surface of red blood cells.

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    What are blood antigens?

    Blood antigens are chemicals on the surface of red blood cells that can trigger an immune response. These antigens determine a person's blood group.

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    What are the four major ABO blood groups?

    The four major ABO blood groups are A, B, AB, and O.

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    What is a universal donor?

    An individual with blood type O is a universal donor because their blood lacks both A and B antigens, making it compatible with all other blood types.

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    What is a universal recipient?

    A person with blood type AB is a universal recipient because their blood has both A and B antigens, allowing them to receive blood from all other ABO blood types.

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    How to Prevent Erythroblastosis Fetalis?

    Administering anti-Rh antibodies to the mother immediately after the delivery of her first Rh-positive child.

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    Sino-atrial Node (SAN)

    Located in the right atrium, the SAN acts as the heart's natural pacemaker. It generates electrical impulses that control the heart's rhythm.

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    Atrio-ventricular Node (AVN)

    Located in the lower left corner of the right atrium, the AVN conducts impulses from the SAN to the ventricles, slowing down the transmission to allow atrial contraction to finish before ventricular contraction.

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    What is the function of the heart valves?

    Heart valves regulate the flow of blood through the heart by preventing backflow. They ensure blood moves in one direction, from the atria to the ventricles and then to the arteries.

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    What is an ECG?

    An electrocardiogram (ECG) records the electrical activity of the heart, providing a visual representation of its rhythm and function.

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    What does 'myogenic' mean?

    Our heart is myogenic, meaning its contraction is initiated by the heart muscle itself, not solely by the nervous system.

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    Pacemaker

    The sino-atrial node (SAN) is called the pacemaker because it generates electrical impulses that regulate the heart's rhythmic beating.

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    What are the heart sounds?

    Lub-dub sounds created by the valves closing during the cardiac cycle.

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    Plasma

    The fluid part of blood, making up ~55% of its volume. Contains water, proteins, minerals, nutrients, and clotting factors.

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    Serum

    Plasma without the clotting factors. It's the liquid part of blood that remains after clotting.

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    Why is blood circulation important?

    Blood circulation is crucial for delivering nutrients and oxygen to cells, removing waste products, and transporting hormones throughout the body.

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    What does lymph do?

    Lymph is a fluid that helps transport some substances, filters waste and houses immune cells.

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    What is the purpose of albumins in plasma?

    Albumins help maintain the osmotic balance of blood, ensuring the correct water balance within and outside the blood vessels.

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    Why are globulins important?

    These proteins are key defense components, involved in the immune response to fight infections.

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    Erythrocytes

    Red blood cells, responsible for oxygen transport throughout the body.

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    Leucocytes

    White blood cells involved in the immune system's defense against infections.

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    Platelets

    Cell fragments that play a crucial role in blood clotting.

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    Blood Clotting

    The process where blood changes from a liquid to a solid state, forming a clot to stop bleeding.

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    Megakaryocytes

    Large cells in bone marrow that produce platelets.

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    Blood Groups

    Categorization of blood based on the presence or absence of specific antigens on red blood cells.

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    Antigens

    Substances on red blood cells that trigger the immune response.

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    Antibodies

    Proteins produced by the immune system in response to antigens.

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    Universal Donor

    Blood type O, compatible with all other blood types.

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    Universal Recipient

    Blood type AB, can receive blood from any other type.

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    What is 'myogenic' heart?

    The heart's contraction is initiated by its own muscle tissue, not solely by the nervous system.

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    Interstitial Fluid

    Fluid that surrounds cells in tissues, derived from blood plasma. It allows for nutrient and gas exchange between blood and cells.

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    Lymphatic System

    A network of vessels that collect interstitial fluid and return it to the bloodstream. It also houses immune cells.

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    Lymph

    Fluid in the lymphatic system, containing lymphocytes, which are white blood cells responsible for immune responses.

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    Open Circulatory System

    A circulatory system where blood flows freely through open spaces called sinuses, not always confined to vessels. Found in arthropods and molluscs.

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    Closed Circulatory System

    A circulatory system where blood is always confined to blood vessels, allowing for more precise control of blood flow. Found in annelids and chordates.

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    Incomplete Double Circulation

    A circulatory system where the oxygenated and deoxygenated blood mix in the heart before being pumped out to the body. Found in amphibians and reptiles (except crocodiles).

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    Fishes' Heart

    Fishes have a 2-chambered heart (one atrium and one ventricle).

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    Blood Clotting Disorders

    Conditions caused by a reduction in platelets leading to excessive blood loss.

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    Anti-Rh Antibodies

    Antibodies administered to Rh-negative mothers after delivery, which prevent the formation of antibodies against Rh antigens in the mother's blood, thus preventing erythroblastosis fetalis in future pregnancies.

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    Hepatic Portal System

    A unique vascular connection between the digestive tract and liver. The hepatic portal vein carries blood from the intestines to the liver before it reaches the general circulation.

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    Coronary Circulation

    A specialized system of blood vessels that supplies blood exclusively to the heart muscle.

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    Myogenic Heart

    The heart's contraction is initiated by its own muscle tissue, not solely by the nervous system.

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    How does the sympathetic nervous system affect heart rate?

    Sympathetic nerves increase heart rate, strength of contraction, and cardiac output.

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    How does parasympathetic nervous system affect heart rate?

    Parasympathetic nerves decrease heart rate, conduction speed, and cardiac output.

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    Hypertension

    High blood pressure, defined as a reading above 120/80 mmHg.

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    Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

    Caused by deposits in arteries that narrow their lumen, affecting blood flow to the heart muscle.

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    Angina

    Chest pain caused by insufficient oxygen to the heart muscle, often a symptom of coronary artery disease.

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    What is the difference between blood and lymph?

    Blood is a connective tissue that transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products throughout the body. It contains red blood cells for oxygen transport, white blood cells for immune defense, and platelets for clotting. Lymph is a fluid that circulates through the lymphatic system, collecting interstitial fluid and helping fight infections. It contains white blood cells but lacks red blood cells and platelets.

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    What is double circulation and why is it significant?

    Double circulation is a circulatory system with two separate loops: pulmonary and systemic. The pulmonary circuit carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygenation, while the systemic circuit carries oxygenated blood to the rest of the body. This allows for efficient oxygen delivery and waste removal.

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    Autoexcitable

    The ability of the heart to initiate its own contractions without external stimulation from the nervous system. This inherent property is called autoexcitability.

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    What is the significance of the atrio-ventricular node (AVN) and atrio-ventricular bundle?

    The AVN, located in the lower right atrium, receives impulses from the SAN and relays them to the ventricles. The atrio-ventricular bundle, also called the bundle of His, conducts these impulses to the ventricles, ensuring proper coordination between atrial and ventricular contractions.

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    What is a cardiac cycle?

    The cardiac cycle is a complete sequence of events in the heart, including atrial and ventricular contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole), that occurs with each heartbeat. This cycle encompasses all the phases of the heart's activity.

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    What are heart sounds?

    Heart sounds are generated by the valves closing during the cardiac cycle. The first sound, 'lub', occurs when the atrio-ventricular valves (mitral and tricuspid) close at the start of ventricular contraction. The second sound, 'dub', occurs when the semilunar valves (aortic and pulmonary) close at the end of ventricular contraction.

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    What is the difference between P-wave and T-wave in an ECG?

    The P-wave represents the electrical activity associated with atrial depolarization, which triggers atrial contraction. The T-wave reflects the electrical activity related to ventricular repolarization, signaling the return of the ventricles to their resting state after contraction.

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    Blood

    A special connective tissue consisting of a fluid matrix called plasma and formed elements, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

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    What are the functions of blood?

    Blood transports oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to cells throughout the body, removes waste products, and helps fight infections.

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    What is lymph?

    A fluid that helps transport some substances, filters waste, and houses immune cells.

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    What is the difference between an open and closed circulatory system?

    In an open circulatory system, blood flows freely through body cavities, while in a closed circulatory system, blood remains confined to blood vessels.

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    Types of Leukocytes

    Leukocytes are categorized into granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils) and agranulocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes).

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    Prevention of Erythroblastosis Fetalis

    Administering anti-Rh antibodies to the mother immediately after the delivery of her first Rh-positive child prevents her from forming antibodies against Rh antigens in her blood, thus preventing the condition in future pregnancies.

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    Congestive Heart Failure

    A condition where the heart is unable to pump blood effectively, leading to congestion in the lungs and other organs.

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    Cardiac Arrest

    A sudden and complete cessation of the heart's pumping action.

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    Heart Attack

    Damage to the heart muscle due to a sudden blockage of blood supply.

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    High Blood Pressure (Hypertension)

    Blood pressure that is higher than normal (120/80). Repeated measurements of 140/90 or higher indicate hypertension.

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    Heart Failure

    The heart's inability to pump blood effectively enough to meet the body's needs.

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    What regulates heart activity?

    Cardiac activity is intrinsically regulated by specialized muscle tissue (nodal tissue), making the heart myogenic. The heart's function can also be moderated by the medulla oblongata through the autonomic nervous system.

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    ECG

    A recording of the electrical activity of the heart, showing its rhythm and function.

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    What does 'myogenic' mean for the heart?

    The heart's contraction is initiated by its own muscle tissue, not solely by the nervous system.

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    Pacemaker of the heart

    The sino-atrial node (SAN) is called the pacemaker because it generates electrical impulses that regulate the heart's rhythmic beating.

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    What are the main heart sounds?

    Lub-dub sounds created by the valves closing during the cardiac cycle.

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    Atrial Systole

    The contraction of the atria, which pushes blood into the ventricles.

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    Ventricular Systole

    The contraction of the ventricles, which pumps blood out of the heart to the lungs and the body.

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    Semilunar Valves

    These valves, located at the exit of the ventricles, prevent the backflow of blood from the aorta and pulmonary artery into the ventricles during ventricular relaxation.

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    Atrio-ventricular (AV) Bundle

    This bundle of fibers transmits the electrical signal from the AVN to the ventricles, ensuring coordinated contraction and relaxation of the heart chambers.

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    Purkinje Fibers

    These fibers are branches of the AV bundle that spread throughout the ventricular musculature, enabling rapid and uniform contraction of the ventricles.

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    What does a P-wave represent?

    The P-wave on an ECG represents the electrical excitation (depolarization) of the atria, leading to their contraction.

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    What does the QRS complex represent?

    The QRS complex represents the depolarization of the ventricles, starting their contraction and signifying the beginning of systole.

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    What does the T-wave represent?

    The T-wave represents the repolarization of the ventricles as they return to their resting state, marking the end of systole.

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    What is pulmonary circulation?

    Pulmonary circulation is the path of blood flow from the right ventricle to the lungs, where it picks up oxygen, and then back to the left atrium.

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    What is systemic circulation?

    Systemic circulation is the path of oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to deliver oxygen and nutrients to the rest of the body, and then back to the right atrium.

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    What is coronary circulation?

    A system of blood vessels that specifically supplies blood to the heart muscle, ensuring it gets the oxygen and nutrients it needs.

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    What does 'myogenic' mean in the context of the heart?

    The heart's contraction is initiated by its own muscle tissue, not solely by the nervous system. It has its own internal rhythm.

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    What are the effects of sympathetic nervous system on the heart?

    The sympathetic nervous system increases heart rate, contraction strength, and therefore, cardiac output. It's like pushing the heart to work harder.

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    What are the effects of parasympathetic nervous system on the heart?

    The parasympathetic nervous system decreases heart rate, conduction speed, and cardiac output. It's like calming the heart down.

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    What is hypertension?

    A condition where blood pressure is consistently higher than normal (120/80 mmHg). It's like a persistent high pressure in the circulatory system.

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    What is coronary artery disease (CAD)?

    A condition where the arteries supplying blood to the heart muscle become narrowed due to deposits of plaque (calcium, fat, cholesterol, fibrous tissues) leading to reduced blood flow.

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    What is angina?

    Chest pain that occurs when the heart muscle doesn't receive enough oxygen, often caused by reduced blood flow due to conditions like CAD.

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    Rh Grouping

    Blood classification based on the presence or absence of Rh antigen on red blood cells.

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    Preventing Erythroblastosis Fetalis

    Administering anti-Rh antibodies to the Rh-negative mother immediately after delivery of her first Rh-positive child. These injected antibodies bind to any Rh-positive fetal blood cells that may have entered the mother's bloodstream, preventing her immune system from developing its own antibodies.

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    Tissue Fluid

    Fluid that surrounds cells in tissues, formed from blood plasma. It facilitates exchange of nutrients and waste between blood and cells.

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    Blood Pressure Regulation

    Cardiac activity is regulated by the heart's own specialized muscle tissue (nodal tissue) and can be influenced by the autonomic nervous system.

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    What does blood transport?

    Blood carries essential substances like oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to cells, while removing waste products like carbon dioxide.

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    What is the purpose of blood circulation?

    Blood circulation delivers oxygen and nutrients, removes waste products, and regulates body temperature.

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    P-wave

    Represents the electrical excitation of the atria, leading to their contraction.

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    QRS complex

    Represents the depolarisation of the ventricles, initiating their contraction and the beginning of systole.

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    T-wave

    Represents the repolarisation of the ventricles, returning them to their resting state and marking the end of systole.

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    What is the function of the hepatic portal system?

    The hepatic portal system provides the liver with a direct supply of blood from the intestines, allowing it to process nutrients, detoxify harmful substances, and regulate blood sugar levels.

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    What is the significance of coronary circulation?

    Coronary circulation ensures a constant supply of oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle, which is essential for its continuous pumping action.

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    Why is the heart called myogenic?

    The heart is called myogenic because its unique muscle tissue (nodal tissue) can initiate and regulate its own contractions, making it relatively independent of the nervous system.

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    What are the effects of sympathetic stimulation on heart function?

    Sympathetic nerve stimulation increases heart rate, strengthens ventricular contractions, and ultimately increases cardiac output, preparing the body for action.

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    What are the effects of parasympathetic stimulation on heart function?

    Parasympathetic stimulation slows down heart rate, reduces ventricular contraction strength, and decreases cardiac output, promoting a relaxed state.

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    What are the components of blood?

    Blood is composed of plasma (fluid) and formed elements (red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets).

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    What is the function of the heart?

    The heart is a muscular organ that pumps blood through the circulatory system, delivering oxygen and nutrients and removing waste products.

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    What is the SA Node?

    The Sino-atrial Node (SAN) is a specialized tissue located in the right atrium of the heart. It acts as the heart's natural pacemaker, generating electrical impulses that regulate the heart's rhythm.

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    How does the AV Node work?

    The Atrio-ventricular Node (AVN) is located in the lower right atrium. It receives electrical impulses from the SA Node and conducts them to the ventricles, but at a slower rate. This allows the atria to contract before the ventricles, ensuring efficient blood flow.

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    What are Purkinje fibers?

    These are specialized fibers that extend from the bundle of His throughout the ventricular muscle. They conduct electrical impulses quickly and efficiently, ensuring simultaneous contraction of the ventricular muscle.

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    What happens during atrial systole?

    During atrial systole, the atria contract, pushing remaining blood into the ventricles. This contraction is initiated by the electrical impulse from the SA Node.

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    What happens during ventricular systole?

    Ventricular systole is when the ventricles contract, increasing pressure and pushing blood into the aorta and pulmonary artery. This is triggered by the electrical impulse reaching the ventricular muscle.

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    What is the pacemaker?

    The SA Node is also known as the pacemaker, as it initiates and regulates the rhythmic beating of the heart.

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    What are the functions of platelets?

    Platelets release substances that help form a plug at the site of injury, preventing excessive blood loss.

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    Thrombocytes

    Another name for platelets, also known as cell fragments involved in blood clotting.

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    What is double circulation?

    Double circulation is a circulatory system with two separate loops: the pulmonary circulation (heart to lungs and back) and the systemic circulation (heart to body and back).

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    What are the formed elements of blood?

    Formed elements are the cellular components of blood, including erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), and platelets.

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    What is the function of plasma proteins?

    Plasma proteins play vital roles in blood clotting, immune responses, and regulating blood volume and pressure.

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    What is the significance of the sino-atrial node (SAN)?

    The SAN is the heart's natural pacemaker, generating electrical impulses that control the heart's rhythm and rate of contraction.

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    What is the difference between systole and diastole?

    Systole is the phase when the heart chambers contract and pump blood out, while diastole is the phase when the heart chambers relax and fill with blood.

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    What regulates the heart's activity?

    The heart's activity is regulated intrinsically by specialized muscle tissues (nodal tissue) and extrinsically by the nervous system (autonomic nervous system).

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    What are body fluids?

    Fluids within organisms that transport nutrients, oxygen, and waste products. Examples include blood and lymph.

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    What is blood?

    A connective tissue composed of plasma (fluid) and formed elements (blood cells).

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    What is plasma?

    The fluid part of blood, containing water, proteins, minerals, nutrients, and clotting factors.

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    What does fibrinogen do?

    A blood protein that converts into fibrin during clotting, helping to form a blood clot.

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    What is serum?

    Plasma without the clotting factors. It's the liquid part of blood that remains after clotting.

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    What is coronary artery disease?

    A narrowing of the arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle, caused by deposits of calcium, fat, cholesterol, and fibrous tissues.

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    What is heart failure?

    A condition where the heart cannot pump blood effectively enough to meet the body's needs.

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    How does the autonomic nervous system regulate heart function?

    The sympathetic nervous system increases heart rate, contraction strength, and cardiac output, while the parasympathetic system decreases these parameters.

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    Study Notes

    Body Fluids and Circulation

    • Living cells require nutrients and oxygen, and need to eliminate waste products to function properly
    • Organisms use specialized fluids for substance transport
    • Simple organisms use body cavities to facilitate transport
    • Complex organisms use blood (and, sometimes, lymph) to transport substances

    Blood

    • Blood is a special connective tissue composed of a fluid matrix (plasma) and formed elements
    • Plasma: straw-coloured, viscous fluid comprising mostly water (90-92%) and proteins (6-8%)
      • Major proteins include fibrinogen, globulins, and albumins
    • Formed elements: collectively erythrocytes (red blood cells, RBCs), leucocytes (white blood cells, WBCs), and platelets
      • Erythrocytes: most abundant blood cells, lack nuclei in mammals, contain hemoglobin, responsible for oxygen transport
      • Leucocytes: various types with different roles (e.g., neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes), responsible for defense mechanisms
        • Some are phagocytic (e.g., neutrophils, monocytes), absorbing and destroying foreign material.
      • Platelets: cell fragments involved in blood clotting

    Blood Groups

    • ABO blood grouping: based on the presence or absence of antigens (A and B) on the surface of red blood cells
    • Blood plasma contains antibodies which react with specific antigens from other blood types causing clumping.
      • Blood type O is a universal donor as it contains no antigens
      • Blood type AB is a universal recipient as it contains no antibodies

    Rh Grouping

    • Rh factor is another blood grouping, similar to one present in Rhesus monkeys
    • Rh+ve individuals have Rh antigens on their red blood cells
    • Rh-ve individuals lack these antigens
    • Mismatching in Rh factor can lead to complications during pregnancies or transfusions

    Blood Coagulation

    • To prevent excessive blood loss, blood has mechanisms for clotting (coagulation)
    • Injury triggers a cascade of reactions that convert fibrinogen into fibrin
    • Fibrin forms a network trapping blood cells and forming a clot

    Lymph (Tissue Fluid)

    • Fluid released when blood travels through capillaries
    • Lymph contains water and other small substances (not proteins)
    • Fluid returns to the bloodstream through the lymphatic system
    • Lymph has lymphocytes which are involved in immunity

    Circulatory Pathways

    • Closed circulatory systems (e.g. vertebrates): blood always contained within vessels, more efficient than open systems
    • Open circulatory systems (e.g. arthropods and mollusks): blood flows into body cavities
    • Fishes have a two-chambered heart (one atrium and one ventricle)
    • Amphibians and reptiles (except crocodiles) have a three-chambered heart (two atria and one ventricle)
    • Birds and mammals have a four-chambered heart (two atria and two ventricles)

    Human Circulatory System

    • Heart: muscular organ, located between the lungs, with four chambers (two atria and two ventricles)
    • Structures include valves to regulate one-way blood flow (tricuspid and bicuspid valve)
    • Heart has specialised muscle ("nodal tissue") that generates electrical impulses regulating rhythmic contractions

    Cardiac Cycle

    • Heart activity is a cycle of contractions (systole) and relaxations (diastole)
    • Heart rate (number of beats per minute) and stroke volume (volume of blood pumped per beat) affect cardiac output.

    Disorders of Circulatory System

    • Hypertension: high blood pressure
    • Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): narrowing of arteries supplying blood to the heart
    • Angina: chest pain due to lack of oxygenated blood supply

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    Body Fluids and Circulation PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the essential functions of body fluids and the intricacies of blood composition. This quiz covers topics including blood components, their roles, and the importance of circulation in both simple and complex organisms. Perfect for students studying biology or life sciences.

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