Body Fluids and Circulation: Chapter 18

• Chapter 18 is about Body Fluids and Circulation

Cells and Phagocytosis

• Basophils do not exhibit phagocytotic activity, unlike monocytes, neutrophils, and macrophages.

Dengue Fever Symptom

• A significant decrease in platelet count is a common symptom in people infected with Dengue fever.

Cardiac Cycle

• The volume of blood pumped out by the right and left ventricles is the same during each cardiac cycle.

Autonomous Neural System

• The sympathetic system stimulates heart rate and stroke volume.

Blood Coagulation

• Calcium ions and platelet factors are essential substances for blood coagulation.

ECG

• Repolarization of atria is not represented in the ECG of a normal healthy individual.

Cells Lacking a Nucleus

• Erythrocytes do not have a nucleus in humans.

Antibody Production

• B-Lymphocytes are involved in antibody production.

Cardiac Impulse Conduction

• The correct sequence of cardiac impulse conduction is SA Node → AV Node → AV Bundle → Purkinje fiber.

Inflammatory Reactions

• Basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils, and lymphocytes are involved in inflammatory reactions.

Heart Sound

• The second heart sound (dubb) is associated with the closure of the semilunar valves.

Electrocardiogram Events

• The QRS complex indicates ventricular contraction in a standard electrocardiogram.

Blood Groups

• People with blood type 'O' have anti-A and anti-B antibodies in their blood plasma.
• A person with 'B' blood group cannot donate to a person with 'A' blood group.
• The designation of blood group is based on the presence of antibodies in the blood plasma is incorrect.
• People with AB blood group are a universal recipient is also incorrect.

Cardiac Output

• Cardiac output for a person with 72 heart beats per minute and a stroke volume of 50 ml is 3600 ml.

Column Matching

• Lymphatic System: Drains back tissue fluid to the circulatory system .
• Pulmonary Vein: Carries oxygenated blood.
• Thrombocytes: Coagulation of blood.
• Lymphocytes: Immune Response.

Atria and Ventricles

• Atria receive blood from all parts of the body which subsequently flows to ventricles
• Action potential generated at the sino-atrial node passes from atria to ventricles
• Action mentioned in Statement 2 is dependent on action mentioned in Statement 1
• Plasma without clotting factors is called serum.

Phagocytic Cells

• Neutrophils and monocytes are phagocytic cells.

Eosinophils

• Eosinophils are associated with allergic reactions.

Calcium Ions

• Calcium ions play a role in clotting.

ECG number of peaks

• You can determine the heart beat rate by counting the number of QRS complexes in an ECG.

Vascular Connection

• The vascular connection between the digestive tract and liver is the hepatic portal system.

Blood Circulation Disorders

• Acute chest pain due to failure of O2 supply to heart muscles is Angina Pectoris.
• Increased systolic pressure is Hypertension.

Coronary Artery Disease

• Atherosclerosis involves narrowing of the lumen of arteries.

Purkinje fibers

• Purkinje fibers are located in the ventricles and transmit electrical impulses.

Bundle of His

• Bundle of His is in the interventricular septum

Blood Fractions

• Fibrinogen helps in blood clotting.
• Globulin transports other proteins.
• Neutrophils are phagocytic cells.
• Lymphocytes are involved in immune responses.

Erythroblastosis foetalis

• Erythroblastosis foetalis is caused by Rh incompatibility between the mother and fetus.

Blood not Clotting

• If blood does not clot, it can lead to excessive bleeding and life-threatening hemorrhage.

Action Potential Significance

• The time gap in the passage of action potential from the sino-atrial node to the ventricle allows the atria to contract before the ventricles, optimizing cardiac function.

QRS Interpretation

• The increase of time in the QRS complex on an ECG indicates a delay in ventricular depolarization.

Ventricle Walls

• Ventricle walls are thicker

Blood and Lymph

• Blood contains red blood cells, lymph does not.

Basophils and Eosinophils

• Basophils release histamine, eosinophils are involved in allergic reactions.

Valves

• The tricuspid valve is between the right atrium and ventricle, the bicuspid valve is between the left atrium and ventricle.

Anaemia

• Anaemia is a deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin in the blood.

Angina Pectoris

• Angina Pectoris is chest pain due to reduced blood supply to the heart.

Complete Partition Advantage

• The complete partition of the ventricle allows for efficient separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.

Hepatic Portal System

• The hepatic portal system delivers nutrient-rich blood from the digestive system to the liver for processing and storage.

Lymphatic system function

• Lymphatic system drains the fluids from the tissue

Plasma vs Serum

• Plasma contains clotting factors, serum does not.

Circulation System

• Open circulatory system: Blood is not enclosed in vessels.
• Closed circulatory system: Blood is enclosed in vessels.

Sino-atrial node and Atrio-ventricular node

• Sino-atrial node initiates the heartbeat, the Atrio-ventricular node relays the impulse to the ventricles

Blood Clotting

• Thrombocytes help in blood clotting.

RBC Formation

• Red blood cells are formed in the bone marrow.

Rhythmic activity

• The sino-atrial node is responsible for initiating and maintaining the heart's rhythmic activity

Unique Feature

• A unique feature in the heart of crocodiles is the presence of a foramen of Panizza.

Rh-incompatibility

• Rh-incompatibility can cause erythroblastosis fetalis in newborns.

Cardiac Cycle Events

• The cardiac cycle involves atrial and ventricular systole and diastole.

Double Circulation

• Double circulation involves pulmonary and systemic circuits.

Hypertension

• Hypertension is high blood pressure.

Coronary Artery Disease

• Coronary Artery Disease involves the blockage of blood vessels supplying the heart muscle.