Body Defenses Against Infection
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following components is NOT part of the body's primary defenses against infection?

  • Respiratory tract
  • Gastrointestinal tract
  • Phagocytosis (correct)
  • Skin

    • Which of the following processes is a key component of the body's secondary defenses against infection?

  • Active immunity
  • Antibodies
  • Skin barrier
  • Fever (correct)

    • What best describes the role of antibodies in the immune response?

  • They directly kill pathogens.
  • They serve as long-term memory of infections.
  • They are exclusively involved in primary defenses.
  • They can neutralize or mark pathogens for destruction. (correct)

    • Which type of immunity is gained by direct exposure to an antigen and subsequent recovery?

    <p>Naturally acquired active immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes artificially acquired passive immunity?

    <p>It involves the injection of antibodies from a donor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes tertiary defenses in the immune system?

    <p>Long-lasting immunity through memory cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines naturally acquired passive immunity?

    <p>Immunity passed from mother to offspring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following immune responses helps prevent infections through barriers?

    <p>Skin and mucous membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immunity is primarily developed through vaccinations?

    <p>Artificially acquired active immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which immune response involves the activation of phagocytes following pathogen detection?

    <p>Secondary defense</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT increase the risk of developing infections?

    <p>Having a strong immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT a characteristic of the prodromal stage of infection?

    <p>Pathogen numbers begin to decrease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common sign of a localized infection?

    <p>Swelling and redness in a specific area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a distinguishing feature of secondary infections?

    <p>They follow a primary infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When comparing acute and chronic infections, which statement is true?

    <p>Chronic infections develop slowly and have a prolonged duration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates endogenous infections from exogenous infections?

    <p>Endogenous infections stem from the patient's normal flora</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of infection is expressed by clear signs and symptoms, potentially leading to recovery or death?

    <p>Illness stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the chain of infection is correct?

    <p>The portal of entry is where the pathogen enters the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does tobacco use primarily affect susceptibility to infections?

    <p>By damaging the immune system and respiratory tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly identifies the factors contributing to systemic infections?

    <p>Fever, chills, fatigue, and body aches throughout the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is not a characteristic of a reservoir in the chain of infection?

    <p>The reservoir serves as a mode of transmission.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which practice is incorrectly associated with medical asepsis?

    <p>Maintaining a sterile field during procedures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about hand hygiene is false?

    <p>Alcohol-based hand sanitizers are sufficient without soap.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What incorrectly describes the guidelines for hand hygiene in surgical settings?

    <p>Washing with soap and water must be avoided prior to surgery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an incorrect understanding of standard precautions?

    <p>They apply exclusively to patients with known infections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about transport-based precautions is inaccurate?

    <p>They apply universally to all healthcare settings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of clean technique in medical settings?

    <p>To reduce the number and spread of pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is not a requirement for PPE when dealing with droplets?

    <p>Using N95 respirators at all times.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following practices are indicative of surgical asepsis?

    <p>Sterilizing instruments and maintaining a sterile field</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is incorrectly associated with airborne precautions?

    <p>They are used for infectious diseases with limited transmission.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a misleading comparison between standard and transmission-based precautions?

    <p>Transmission-based precautions are universal practices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is sterility considered compromised in a clinical setting?

    <p>If a sterile object comes into contact with a non-sterile object</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes surgical asepsis from medical asepsis?

    <p>Surgical asepsis aims to eliminate all microorganisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is not a role of maintaining a clean environment in infection prevention?

    <p>Increasing the likelihood of pathogen transmission.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which level of asepsis focuses on maintaining a sterile environment during surgical procedures?

    <p>Surgical asepsis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of the methods employed in medical asepsis?

    <p>They involve hand hygiene and maintaining a clean environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scenario indicates a proper practice of surgical asepsis?

    <p>Wearing sterile gloves while inserting IV lines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should a nurse do if sterility is compromised during a procedure?

    <p>Replace non-sterile instruments and maintain the sterile field</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which situation would transmission-based precautions be necessary?

    <p>For patients with known infections that are easily transmitted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the role of a nurse concerning emerging infectious diseases?

    <p>Monitoring for signs and educating patients about prevention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Body Defenses Against Infection

    • Primary defenses: Skin, respiratory tract, eyes, mouth, gastrointestinal tract, and genitourinary tract
    • Secondary defenses: Phagocytosis, complement cascade, inflammation, and fever
    • Tertiary defenses: Active immunity, passive immunity, and specific immunity

    Types of Immunity

    • Naturally acquired active immunity: Developed when a person is exposed to an antigen, becomes ill, and recovers.
    • Naturally acquired passive immunity: Passed from mother to child through the placenta or breast milk.
    • Artificially acquired active immunity: Developed through vaccination.
    • Artificially acquired passive immunity: Gained through the injection of antibodies from another person or animal.

    Infection Risk Factors

    • Developmental stage, breaks in the first line of defense, illness or injury
    • Tobacco use, substance abuse, multiple sexual partners
    • Environmental factors, chronic diseases, medications, and invasive procedures

    Infection Stages

    • Incubation: Pathogen invades, person may be contagious without symptoms
    • Prodromal: Early, vague symptoms appear.
    • Illness: Signs and symptoms appear, may lead to recovery or death.
    • Decline: Pathogen numbers decrease, symptoms fade.
    • Convalescence: Recovery period.

    Types of Infections

    • Localized: Redness, swelling, pain, and heat in a specific area.
    • Systemic: Fever, chills, fatigue, and body aches.
    • Primary: First infection to occur.
    • Secondary: Follows a primary infection.
    • Exogenous: Acquired from the healthcare environment.
    • Endogenous: From the patient's normal flora.
    • Acute: Rapid onset, short-lasting.
    • Chronic: Develops slowly, lasts a long time.
    • Latent: No symptoms for long periods.

    Chain of Infection

    • Links: Infectious agent, reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transmission, portal of entry, and susceptible host
    • Reservoir: Place where pathogens survive and multiply (e.g., human body or carriers).

    Infection Control Practices

    • Medical asepsis: Reduces the number and spread of pathogens (e.g., hand hygiene, clean environment, disinfectants).
    • Surgical asepsis: Eliminates all microorganisms (e.g., sterile instruments, sterile field).

    Infection Control Precautions

    • Standard precautions: Measures for all patients (e.g., hand hygiene, PPE – gloves, gowns, masks, eye protection).
    • Transmission-based precautions: Additional measures based on the mode of transmission (contact, droplet, airborne).

    PPE for Precautions

    • Contact precautions: Gloves and gowns.
    • Droplet precautions: Masks and eye protection.
    • Airborne precautions: N95 respirators or higher.

    Sterile Technique

    • Clean vs. sterile: Clean technique (medical asepsis) reduces pathogens versus sterile technique (surgical asepsis) eliminating them.
    • Compromised sterility: Any breach in sterile technique, like touching a sterile object with non-sterile object.

    Asepsis Levels

    • Sterile: Eliminates all microorganisms.
    • Modified sterile: Some control but not total elimination.
    • Clean: Reduces pathogens but does not eliminate them.

    Emerging Infectious Diseases

    • Nurse's role: Monitoring for signs, educating patients, implementing infection control measures.

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    Description

    Explore the various body defenses against infections, including primary, secondary, and tertiary defenses. This quiz also covers types of immunity and infection risk factors to understand how the body protects itself from pathogens.

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