Body Defenses Against Infection
40 Questions
3 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Which of the following components is NOT part of the body's primary defenses against infection?

  • Respiratory tract
  • Gastrointestinal tract
  • Phagocytosis (correct)
  • Skin

Which of the following processes is a key component of the body's secondary defenses against infection?

  • Active immunity
  • Antibodies
  • Skin barrier
  • Fever (correct)

What best describes the role of antibodies in the immune response?

  • They directly kill pathogens.
  • They serve as long-term memory of infections.
  • They are exclusively involved in primary defenses.
  • They can neutralize or mark pathogens for destruction. (correct)

Which type of immunity is gained by direct exposure to an antigen and subsequent recovery?

<p>Naturally acquired active immunity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes artificially acquired passive immunity?

<p>It involves the injection of antibodies from a donor. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes tertiary defenses in the immune system?

<p>Long-lasting immunity through memory cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines naturally acquired passive immunity?

<p>Immunity passed from mother to offspring (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following immune responses helps prevent infections through barriers?

<p>Skin and mucous membranes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of immunity is primarily developed through vaccinations?

<p>Artificially acquired active immunity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which immune response involves the activation of phagocytes following pathogen detection?

<p>Secondary defense (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT increase the risk of developing infections?

<p>Having a strong immune response (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a characteristic of the prodromal stage of infection?

<p>Pathogen numbers begin to decrease (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common sign of a localized infection?

<p>Swelling and redness in a specific area (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a distinguishing feature of secondary infections?

<p>They follow a primary infection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When comparing acute and chronic infections, which statement is true?

<p>Chronic infections develop slowly and have a prolonged duration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates endogenous infections from exogenous infections?

<p>Endogenous infections stem from the patient's normal flora (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of infection is expressed by clear signs and symptoms, potentially leading to recovery or death?

<p>Illness stage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the chain of infection is correct?

<p>The portal of entry is where the pathogen enters the body (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does tobacco use primarily affect susceptibility to infections?

<p>By damaging the immune system and respiratory tract (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly identifies the factors contributing to systemic infections?

<p>Fever, chills, fatigue, and body aches throughout the body (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is not a characteristic of a reservoir in the chain of infection?

<p>The reservoir serves as a mode of transmission. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which practice is incorrectly associated with medical asepsis?

<p>Maintaining a sterile field during procedures. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about hand hygiene is false?

<p>Alcohol-based hand sanitizers are sufficient without soap. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What incorrectly describes the guidelines for hand hygiene in surgical settings?

<p>Washing with soap and water must be avoided prior to surgery. (C), Alcohol-based hand sanitizers can replace all handwashing. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an incorrect understanding of standard precautions?

<p>They apply exclusively to patients with known infections. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about transport-based precautions is inaccurate?

<p>They apply universally to all healthcare settings. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of clean technique in medical settings?

<p>To reduce the number and spread of pathogens (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is not a requirement for PPE when dealing with droplets?

<p>Using N95 respirators at all times. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following practices are indicative of surgical asepsis?

<p>Sterilizing instruments and maintaining a sterile field (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is incorrectly associated with airborne precautions?

<p>They are used for infectious diseases with limited transmission. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a misleading comparison between standard and transmission-based precautions?

<p>Transmission-based precautions are universal practices. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When is sterility considered compromised in a clinical setting?

<p>If a sterile object comes into contact with a non-sterile object (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes surgical asepsis from medical asepsis?

<p>Surgical asepsis aims to eliminate all microorganisms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is not a role of maintaining a clean environment in infection prevention?

<p>Increasing the likelihood of pathogen transmission. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which level of asepsis focuses on maintaining a sterile environment during surgical procedures?

<p>Surgical asepsis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of the methods employed in medical asepsis?

<p>They involve hand hygiene and maintaining a clean environment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario indicates a proper practice of surgical asepsis?

<p>Wearing sterile gloves while inserting IV lines (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should a nurse do if sterility is compromised during a procedure?

<p>Replace non-sterile instruments and maintain the sterile field (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which situation would transmission-based precautions be necessary?

<p>For patients with known infections that are easily transmitted (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines the role of a nurse concerning emerging infectious diseases?

<p>Monitoring for signs and educating patients about prevention (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Primary Defenses

The body's initial line of defense against infection, preventing pathogens from entering the body. Examples include skin, respiratory tract, eyes, mouth, gastrointestinal tract, and genitourinary tract.

Secondary Defenses

The body's internal defense system that acts rapidly to fight off infection when pathogens get past the primary defenses. Examples include phagocytosis, complement cascade, inflammation, and fever.

Tertiary Defenses

The body's long-term, specific defense system that targets and eliminates specific pathogens. Examples include active and passive immunity.

Naturally Acquired Active Immunity

The immunity acquired through natural exposure to antigens. The body develops antibodies after a natural infection.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Naturally Acquired Passive Immunity

The immunity passed from mother to child during pregnancy or breastfeeding. Antibodies are transferred directly.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Artificially Acquired Active Immunity

The immunity acquired through vaccination. The body develops antibodies after exposure to a weakened or inactive pathogen.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Artificially Acquired Passive Immunity

The immunity gained through the injection of antibodies from another person or animal.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Antigen

A substance that stimulates the immune system to produce antibodies. Examples include proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Antibody

A protein produced by the immune system in response to an antigen.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Pathogen

Any disease-causing organism. Examples include bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What increases infection risk?

Factors that increase the likelihood of developing infections. This includes things like weakened immune systems, compromised physical barriers, and lifestyle choices.

Signup and view all the flashcards

How does tobacco use increase infection risk?

Tobacco use damages the respiratory tract, making it easier for pathogens to enter. It also weakens the immune system, making it harder to fight off infections.

Signup and view all the flashcards

How do chronic diseases increase infection risk?

Chronic diseases weaken the body's defenses, making it more susceptible to pathogens. The body is less able to fight off infections.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are the five stages of infection?

The five stages of infection are incubation, prodromal, illness, decline, and convalescence. These stages describe the progress of the infection from initial exposure to recovery.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What happens during the incubation stage?

The incubation stage is when the pathogen enters the body and multiplies but doesn't cause symptoms. The person may be contagious during this time.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Reservoir in the Chain of Infection

The place where pathogens survive and multiply, such as the human body or carriers.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Medical Asepsis

Procedures used to reduce the number of pathogens and prevent their spread.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What happens during the prodromal stage?

The prodromal stage is when early and vague symptoms like mild throat irritation appear.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are the signs of a localized infection?

Localized infections are those that affect a specific region of the body. Symptoms are evident in the affected area.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hand Hygiene

A key practice in medical asepsis that helps remove pathogens from hands.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hand Hygiene Guidelines (Nonsurgical Setting)

Washing hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds or using an alcohol-based hand sanitizer.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are the signs of a systemic infection?

Systemic infections spread throughout the body, impacting multiple organ systems. Symptoms are widespread.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hand Hygiene Guidelines (Surgical Setting)

Scrubbing hands and forearms with an antiseptic solution for a specified period.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Local vs. Systemic infection

A local infection is limited to a specific area, while a systemic infection spreads throughout the body. One is localized, the other widespread.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Primary vs. Secondary infection

A primary infection is the first infection to occur, while a secondary infection occurs after a primary infection, usually due to weakened immunity.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Standard Precautions

Practices that reduce the number and spread of pathogens.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Transmission-Based Precautions

Additional measures taken based on how an infection spreads.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Gloves, gowns, masks, and eye protection used to prevent infection spread.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Contact Precautions

Gloves and gowns used to prevent the spread of infections through direct contact.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Droplet Precautions

Masks and eye protection used to prevent the spread of infections through large respiratory droplets.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Clean technique (medical asepsis)

A technique that reduces the number of pathogens and prevents their spread.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Sterile technique (surgical asepsis)

A technique that eliminates all microorganisms from an area using sterilization methods.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Methods of medical asepsis

Methods used in clean technique, focusing on reducing pathogen spread.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Methods of surgical asepsis

Methods used in sterile technique, focusing on total elimination of microorganisms.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Breach in sterile technique

Any action that compromises sterility, like touching a sterile object with a non-sterile one.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Sterility in a sterile environment

Surgical asepsis ensures sterility by removing all microorganisms from an area.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Levels of asepsis

The different levels of sterility in healthcare.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Emerging infectious diseases

New infectious diseases that emerge or re-emerge, including epidemics and pandemics.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Nurse's role in emerging infectious diseases

The nurse's role in monitoring, educating, and implementing infection control measures related to emerging diseases.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Standard vs. transmission-based precautions

Standard precautions apply to all patients, while transmission-based precautions are specific to the mode of transmission of an infection.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Body Defenses Against Infection

  • Primary defenses: Skin, respiratory tract, eyes, mouth, gastrointestinal tract, and genitourinary tract
  • Secondary defenses: Phagocytosis, complement cascade, inflammation, and fever
  • Tertiary defenses: Active immunity, passive immunity, and specific immunity

Types of Immunity

  • Naturally acquired active immunity: Developed when a person is exposed to an antigen, becomes ill, and recovers.
  • Naturally acquired passive immunity: Passed from mother to child through the placenta or breast milk.
  • Artificially acquired active immunity: Developed through vaccination.
  • Artificially acquired passive immunity: Gained through the injection of antibodies from another person or animal.

Infection Risk Factors

  • Developmental stage, breaks in the first line of defense, illness or injury
  • Tobacco use, substance abuse, multiple sexual partners
  • Environmental factors, chronic diseases, medications, and invasive procedures

Infection Stages

  • Incubation: Pathogen invades, person may be contagious without symptoms
  • Prodromal: Early, vague symptoms appear.
  • Illness: Signs and symptoms appear, may lead to recovery or death.
  • Decline: Pathogen numbers decrease, symptoms fade.
  • Convalescence: Recovery period.

Types of Infections

  • Localized: Redness, swelling, pain, and heat in a specific area.
  • Systemic: Fever, chills, fatigue, and body aches.
  • Primary: First infection to occur.
  • Secondary: Follows a primary infection.
  • Exogenous: Acquired from the healthcare environment.
  • Endogenous: From the patient's normal flora.
  • Acute: Rapid onset, short-lasting.
  • Chronic: Develops slowly, lasts a long time.
  • Latent: No symptoms for long periods.

Chain of Infection

  • Links: Infectious agent, reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transmission, portal of entry, and susceptible host
  • Reservoir: Place where pathogens survive and multiply (e.g., human body or carriers).

Infection Control Practices

  • Medical asepsis: Reduces the number and spread of pathogens (e.g., hand hygiene, clean environment, disinfectants).
  • Surgical asepsis: Eliminates all microorganisms (e.g., sterile instruments, sterile field).

Infection Control Precautions

  • Standard precautions: Measures for all patients (e.g., hand hygiene, PPE – gloves, gowns, masks, eye protection).
  • Transmission-based precautions: Additional measures based on the mode of transmission (contact, droplet, airborne).

PPE for Precautions

  • Contact precautions: Gloves and gowns.
  • Droplet precautions: Masks and eye protection.
  • Airborne precautions: N95 respirators or higher.

Sterile Technique

  • Clean vs. sterile: Clean technique (medical asepsis) reduces pathogens versus sterile technique (surgical asepsis) eliminating them.
  • Compromised sterility: Any breach in sterile technique, like touching a sterile object with non-sterile object.

Asepsis Levels

  • Sterile: Eliminates all microorganisms.
  • Modified sterile: Some control but not total elimination.
  • Clean: Reduces pathogens but does not eliminate them.

Emerging Infectious Diseases

  • Nurse's role: Monitoring for signs, educating patients, implementing infection control measures.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Description

Explore the various body defenses against infections, including primary, secondary, and tertiary defenses. This quiz also covers types of immunity and infection risk factors to understand how the body protects itself from pathogens.

More Like This

Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser