BMS161 General Pharmacology Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of a drug?

  • To prevent the development of diseases
  • To diagnose medical conditions
  • To suppress physiological processes
  • All of the above (correct)

    • Which of the following is a source of naturally derived drugs?

  • Plants
  • Animals
  • Microorganisms
  • All of the above (correct)

    • What is the term for a drug's brand name?

  • Chemical name
  • Pharmacological name
  • Generic name
  • Proprietary name (correct)

    • What is the purpose of a placebo?

    <p>To distinguish between psychological and pharmacological effects (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of Phase I clinical trials?

    <p>To determine the drug's safety in healthy volunteers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of pharmacovigilance?

    <p>To monitor the drug's effects after it has been released to the market (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between single-blind and double-blind studies?

    <p>Single-blind studies blind the participant, while double-blind studies blind the researcher. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of clinical trials typically involves the largest number of patients?

    <p>Phase III (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that affects the rate of drug absorption in the gastrointestinal tract?

    <p>The surface area of the absorbing tissue (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the absorption of a drug when the gastric emptying rate is slow?

    <p>Absorption is decreased (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a transmembrane transporter protein that is involved in drug absorption?

    <p>P-glycoprotein (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of P-glycoprotein in drug absorption?

    <p>To decrease drug absorption by transporting it out of cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of pH on drug absorption?

    <p>The effect of pH depends on the drug's pKa (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the clinical significance of a drug's pKa?

    <p>It determines the drug's pH-dependent absorption and excretion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the information provided, how would you enhance the elimination of aspirin from the body in case of poisoning?

    <p>Administer a strong base to increase the ionization of aspirin in the kidneys (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is bioavailability of a drug?

    <p>The fraction of the administered drug that reaches the systemic circulation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of drug absorption from the GI tract?

    <p>Osmosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of active transport?

    <p>Movement of L-dopa across the blood-brain barrier (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between facilitated diffusion and active transport?

    <p>Facilitated diffusion moves substances with the concentration gradient, while active transport moves substances against the concentration gradient. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of carrier proteins in drug absorption?

    <p>Carrier proteins can be involved in both facilitated diffusion and active transport. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does blood flow to the absorption site influence drug absorption?

    <p>Increased blood flow to the absorption site removes the absorbed drug from the absorption site more quickly. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor that influences drug absorption by passive diffusion?

    <p>The presence of carrier proteins. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the surface area of the small intestine important for drug absorption?

    <p>The small intestine has a larger surface area than the stomach, which increases the rate of drug absorption by passive diffusion. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is epinephrine administered intramuscularly (IM) rather than subcutaneously (SC) during shock?

    <p>IM administration provides a faster absorption rate than SC administration due to better blood flow to the muscles during shock. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor can influence the dissolution of drug particles into molecules?

    <p>Synthesis techniques (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is least likely to affect drug stability in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT)?

    <p>Time of day (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary site for first-pass metabolism of drugs?

    <p>Liver (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition would most likely reduce hepatic first-pass metabolism?

    <p>Portal hypertension (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following routes of administration is primarily used for topical effects?

    <p>Epidural (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors does NOT affect drug absorption in the gastrointestinal tract?

    <p>Patient's weight (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the metabolism of drugs in a single passage through the liver before reaching systemic circulation?

    <p>First-pass effect (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs is known for being extensively metabolized during the first-pass effect?

    <p>Propranolol (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of pharmacokinetics?

    <p>Drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor significantly influences drug ionization and absorption?

    <p>pKa of the drug and pH of the medium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is bioavailability?

    <p>The proportion of a drug that enters circulation when introduced into the body (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following routes of administration has the highest bioavailability?

    <p>Intravenous (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of p-glycoprotein in pharmacology?

    <p>It affects serum levels of drugs by mediating transport (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these factors does NOT affect drug bioavailability?

    <p>The user’s weight (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics?

    <p>Pharmacokinetics focuses on drug concentration changes while pharmacodynamics focuses on drug effects (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which edition of 'Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews: Pharmacology' is required for this course?

    <p>7th edition (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Pharmacokinetics

    The study of how a drug's concentration changes over time in the body. It involves absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.

    Pharmacodynamics

    The study of how a drug interacts with its target and produces its effects. It focuses on the drug's mechanism of action.

    Drug Absorption

    The movement of a drug from its administration site into the bloodstream.

    Drug Ionization

    The tendency of a drug to exist in its ionized or non-ionized form, based on the pH of its environment.

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    P-Glycoprotein

    A transmembrane protein that pumps certain drugs out of cells, reducing their concentration in the bloodstream.

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    Bioavailability

    The proportion of an administered drug that reaches the systemic circulation.

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    Factors Affecting Bioavailability

    Factors that can influence how much of a drug reaches the systemic circulation.

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    Parenteral Routes of Administration

    Routes of drug administration that involve injecting the drug directly into the bloodstream.

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    Placebo

    A non-active substance given to patients to compare the effects of a drug with the psychological effects of simply feeling like you're being treated. It's like testing a new medicine against just giving someone a sugar pill.

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    Pharmacokinetics (PhK)

    The study of how a drug moves through the body - absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Think: 'What's the drug's journey?'

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    Placebo Effects

    The effects of a drug unrelated to its intended pharmacological effect, often due to psychological factors. It's like believing something will work, so it does.

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    Phase I Clinical Trial

    The phase of drug development involving small groups of healthy volunteers testing the safety and dosage of a drug.

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    Phase II Clinical Trial

    The phase of drug development involving small groups of patients testing the effectiveness and safety of a drug. It compares the drug to existing treatments.

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    Phase III Clinical Trial

    The phase of drug development involving large groups of patients testing the effectiveness and safety of a drug in real-world conditions.

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    Post-Marketing Pharmacovigilance

    The stage where a drug is monitored for safety and efficacy after it goes to market. Think: 'Post-Launch'

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    Drug Distribution

    Movement of a drug from the bloodstream to various tissues and organs.

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    Drug Metabolism

    The breakdown of a drug into inactive metabolites by the body.

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    Drug Excretion

    The removal of a drug and its metabolites from the body.

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    Passive Diffusion

    A drug's movement across cell membranes without the assistance of any carrier proteins.

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    Facilitated Diffusion

    The movement of a drug across cell membranes with the help of a carrier protein but without energy.

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    Active Transport

    The movement of a drug across cell membranes against a concentration gradient using energy.

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    Effect of pH on Drug Absorption

    Influences how well a drug is absorbed based on the difference in pH between the drug and the environment.

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    First-Pass Effect

    A factor that can reduce the bioavailability of a drug by metabolizing it before it reaches the systemic circulation.

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    Parenteral Routes

    Routes of drug administration that involve injecting the drug directly into the bloodstream, bypassing the digestive system.

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    Enteral Routes

    Routes of drug administration that involve the digestive system, such as swallowing pills or syrups.

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    Drug Dissolution

    The process by which a drug dissolves from its solid form into solution, allowing it to be absorbed into the body.

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    pKa

    The pH value at which 50% of a drug is ionized and 50% is non-ionized.

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    Contact Time

    The time a drug spends in contact with the absorption surface, affecting the rate of absorption.

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    Gastric Emptying

    The rate at which a drug enters the stomach is affected by factors such as diarrhea and the presence of food, impacting absorption.

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    Kidney Drug Elimination

    Changes in the pH of urine can influence the reabsorption of drugs in the kidneys, affecting their elimination.

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    Study Notes

    Course Information

    • Course: BMS161 (1): General Pharmacology
    • Professor: Ahmed Nour Eldin Hassan
    • Assistant Professor: Nevien Fekry Abdalla
    • Lecturer: Mai Ebeid
    • Faculty: Medicine
    • Semester: Spring 2024

    Course Description

    • Course Title: Foundations of Pharmacology
    • Practical Course
    • Emphasizes practical skills like finding knowledge and calculating doses.
    • Includes discussions and free reading sessions.
    • Covers areas including pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, cholinergic nervous system, adrenergic nervous system, general chemotherapy, and principles of cancer chemotherapy.
    • Includes learning resources based on specific textbooks/reviews

    Learning Resources

    • Required: Lippincott's Illustrated reviews: Pharmacology (7th edition)
    • Optional:
      • Basic and Clinical Pharmacology (15th edition) by Bertram G. Katzung, Suzan B. Masters, and Anthony J. Trevor
      • Rang and Dale's Pharmacology (8th edition) by H.P. Rang, M.M. Dale, J.M. Ritter, R.J. Flower, and G. Henderson

    Pharmacokinetic-1 Absorption Intended Learning Objectives

    • Explain the difference between pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.
    • Understand the clinical significance of drug pKa & pH of medium in drug ionization, lipid solubility, absorption, and excretion.
    • Summarize the role of P-glycoprotein in affecting serum drug levels.
    • Compare different routes of drug administration.
    • Define drug bioavailability.
    • List factors affecting bioavailability.
    • Predict the effect of liver diseases on drug pharmacokinetics.

    Drug Information

    • Drug Definition: A chemical substance for treatment, diagnosis, prevention, or to suppress a physiological process (e.g., ovulation suppression).
    • Chemical Name (Generic)
    • Nonproprietary Name (Brand name)
      • Examples: Paracetamol (Acetaminophen), Panadol®, Abimol®, Pyral®

    Sources of Drugs

    • Natural sources: Plants (atropine, morphine, peppermint), Animals (insulin), Microorganisms (penicillin), Minerals (iron, calcium).
    • Semi-synthetic: In-between natural and synthetic
    • Synthetic:
      • Chemical synthesis (e.g., aspirin)
      • Biological synthesis using Recombinant DNA technology (e.g., human insulin, Erythropoietin).

    Drug Journey from Discovery to Market

    • Animal Study: Pharmacologic profile, organ actions, safety tests, acute/chronic toxicity, reproductive, carcinogenic, mutagenic, addiction liability.
    • Clinical Study (3-7 years)
      • Phase I: Small number of healthy volunteers (non-blind), determines clinical dose range in humans.
      • Phase II: Small number of patients (single-blind), evaluates safety and efficacy compared to current drugs.
      • Phase III: Large number of patients (double-blind), confirms previous findings.
    • Post-Marketing Pharmacovigilance: Ongoing monitoring for adverse effects.

    Single vs. Double-Blind technique

    • Placebo: inert substance to gauge patient reactions unrelated to the drug's effects.
    • Placebo effects: reactions not caused by the drug.
    • Single-blind: patients unaware of the treatment, physician knows.
    • Double-blind: patients and physician unaware of the treatment.

    Division of General Pharmacology

    • Pharmacodynamics: mechanism of drug action on the body (e.g., biochemical, physiological effects, side effects).
    • Pharmacokinetics: What the body does to the drug (processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism (biotransformation), and excretion (ADME).

    Pharmacokinetic Principles

    • Absorption: Transfer of drug from administration site to bloodstream.
    • Distribution: Movement of drug to various parts of the body (blood, target sites)
    • Metabolism: Chemical alteration of drug by the body (e.g., liver).
    • Excretion: Removal of drug or its metabolites from the body.
    • Not specifically designed; but, we study effective dose kinetics (blood, distribution, elimination)

    Absorption Mechanisms

    • Passive diffusion, With concentration gradient, No ATP, No carrier
    • Facilitated diffusion, With concentration gradient, Carrier, NO ATP
    • Active transport, With or against concentration gradient, ATP, Carrier
    • Endocytosis, (as in vitamin B12).
    • Exocytosis, (as in neurotransmitter release).

    Carrier Transport System

    • Characteristics: Saturable, Limited absorption
    • Competition: Endogenous substrate vs. drugs for the same carrier (e.g., L-Dopa for amino acid carriers to the brain).

    Factors Influencing Absorption

    • Effect of pH on drug absorption (ionized vs. unionized forms).
    • Blood flow to the absorption site (blood flow in and out, e.g., intestinal flow).
    • Total surface area available for absorption (intestine > stomach).
    • Contact time at the absorption surface.
    • Expression of P-glycoprotein (drug transport protein).

    P-Glycoprotein

    • Genetic variability involved.
    • Associated with multidrug resistance (e.g., in cancer cells)

    pKa and pH effects on drug absorption

    • pKa: pH where 50% of drug is ionized (charged) and 50% unionized (uncharged).
    • Change in local pH affecting the relative amounts of ionized/unionized forms, hindering/helping drug movement.
    • Ionized forms are hydrophilic (water-soluble), cannot easily cross membranes.
    • Unionized forms are lipophilic (fat-soluble), can easily cross membranes/enter the body.

    Clinical Significance of pKa

    • GIT: Aspirin (weak acid) absorption influenced by stomach pH.
    • Kidney: Alkaline urine used in aspirin overdose to enhance excretion, increase ionization, inhibit tubular reabsorption.

    Bioavailability

    • Definition: Percentage of administered drug reaching systemic circulation, exerting biological effects.
    • Calculation: AUC (area under the concentration-time curve) after non-IV administration / AUC after IV administration x 100.
    • Factors impacting bioavailability: disintegration, dissolution, drug properties, pKa, gut pH. Factors from GIT, e.g., enzymes, food, presence of diseases, etc.

    First-Pass Metabolism

    • Definition: Drug metabolism occurring in the liver, gut wall, or lungs before systemic circulation.
    • Factors affecting first pass metabolism -Reduction in portal blood flow -Inhibition of hepatic metabolizing enzymes
    • Resulting Effects
    • ↑ Bioavailability.
    • Locations of metabolism (liver, intestines, lungs).
    • Example drugs: nitroglycerin, propranolol, nicotine impacting first pass metabolism.

    Routes of Administration

    • Enteral (GI tract): oral (most common).
    • Parenteral (outside of GI tract): intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intradermal, intrathecal, epidural, intra-arterial, inhalation, etc.
    • Topical (skin/tissue): for direct local impact.

    Prescription

    • Rational professional prescription is critical.
    • Rationale for professional/prescription treatment.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge in the foundations of pharmacology with this quiz designed for BMS161. Explore key concepts in pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and chemotherapy principles. This quiz is aligned with the required readings and practical skills emphasized in the course.

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