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Questions and Answers
Why do fluids leave the capillaries at the arterial end?
Why do fluids leave the capillaries at the arterial end?
The net filtration pressure of the blood is higher at the arterial end than it is at the venous end.
Approximately what percent of fluid that exits the capillaries at the arterial end reenters the capillaries at the venous end?
Approximately what percent of fluid that exits the capillaries at the arterial end reenters the capillaries at the venous end?
90%
The lymphatic capillaries reabsorb as much as 20% of the fluid lost by the blood capillaries.
The lymphatic capillaries reabsorb as much as 20% of the fluid lost by the blood capillaries.
False (B)
The net osmotic pressure is equal at both the arterial and the venous ends of the capillary.
The net osmotic pressure is equal at both the arterial and the venous ends of the capillary.
Which of the following is not a mechanism that assists venous return?
Which of the following is not a mechanism that assists venous return?
Which of the following does not aid in venous return?
Which of the following does not aid in venous return?
How do materials get from the blood to the surrounding tissues?
How do materials get from the blood to the surrounding tissues?
Where are baroreceptors found?
Where are baroreceptors found?
Action potentials are conducted from the baroreceptors to the brain via which nerve?
Action potentials are conducted from the baroreceptors to the brain via which nerve?
The action potential from the brain to the heart travels along which nerve(s)?
The action potential from the brain to the heart travels along which nerve(s)?
Heart rate and stroke volume decrease with a decrease in parasympathetic stimulation.
Heart rate and stroke volume decrease with a decrease in parasympathetic stimulation.
Increased sympathetic stimulation causes vasodilation, bringing elevated blood pressure back to normal.
Increased sympathetic stimulation causes vasodilation, bringing elevated blood pressure back to normal.
Where are arterial anastomoses, in which two arteries merge, found?
Where are arterial anastomoses, in which two arteries merge, found?
What is(are) the physiological purposes of vasoreflexes?
What is(are) the physiological purposes of vasoreflexes?
Typically, fluid filters _______ the arterial end of a capillary.
Typically, fluid filters _______ the arterial end of a capillary.
Fluid will then osmotically reenter at the _______ end.
Fluid will then osmotically reenter at the _______ end.
This fluid delivers materials to the cells and removes its _______.
This fluid delivers materials to the cells and removes its _______.
This shift in fluid balance at the arterial end is referred to as ____________ pressure.
This shift in fluid balance at the arterial end is referred to as ____________ pressure.
This is the physical force exerted by a _______ against a surface like a capillary wall.
This is the physical force exerted by a _______ against a surface like a capillary wall.
The ________ is the first vessel blood enters upon exiting the heart.
The ________ is the first vessel blood enters upon exiting the heart.
The ____________ expand and recoil with every heartbeat due to a histologically dominant network of elastic tissue in the tunica media.
The ____________ expand and recoil with every heartbeat due to a histologically dominant network of elastic tissue in the tunica media.
Just prior to entering capillary beds, _____________ have become extremely thin and present only a few layers of smooth muscle.
Just prior to entering capillary beds, _____________ have become extremely thin and present only a few layers of smooth muscle.
The site of gaseous exchange, or ____________, are characterized by extremely thin walls with only endothelium and basal lamina, which better suits diffusional requirements.
The site of gaseous exchange, or ____________, are characterized by extremely thin walls with only endothelium and basal lamina, which better suits diffusional requirements.
After exiting the capillary, _________ contain no muscle and are the first vessel that blood enters on its way back to the heart.
After exiting the capillary, _________ contain no muscle and are the first vessel that blood enters on its way back to the heart.
The __________ contain abundant but irregularly spaced smooth muscle with frequent valves present in the tunica interna.
The __________ contain abundant but irregularly spaced smooth muscle with frequent valves present in the tunica interna.
The superior vena cava is an example of a ________ that includes smooth muscle circularly and longitudinally arranged in the tunica media and externa, respectively.
The superior vena cava is an example of a ________ that includes smooth muscle circularly and longitudinally arranged in the tunica media and externa, respectively.
Vasoconstriction primarily results from contraction of smooth muscle in the tunica __________.
Vasoconstriction primarily results from contraction of smooth muscle in the tunica __________.
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Study Notes
Capillary Dynamics
- Fluids exit capillaries at the arterial end due to higher net filtration pressure compared to the venous end.
- Approximately 90% of fluid leaving capillaries at the arterial end reenters at the venous end.
- The net osmotic pressure remains equal at both ends of the capillary.
Lymphatic System
- Lymphatic capillaries do not reabsorb as much as 20% of fluid lost by blood capillaries; this statement is false.
Venous Return Mechanisms
- Central venous pressure must not be greater than pressure in venules to assist venous return.
- Venule suction does not aid in venous return.
- Venous return involves mechanisms like muscle contractions, respiratory movements, and the presence of valves in veins.
Transport of Materials
- Materials move from blood to surrounding tissues via diffusion, filtration, absorption, and transcytosis.
Baroreceptors and Nerve Pathways
- Baroreceptors are located in carotid sinuses and help monitor blood pressure.
- Action potentials from baroreceptors travel to the brain via the glossopharyngeal nerve.
- The vagus nerve conveys action potentials from the brain to the heart.
Sympathetic Stimulation and Heart Function
- A decrease in parasympathetic stimulation does not lead to a decrease in heart rate and stroke volume.
- Increased sympathetic stimulation does not cause vasodilation; it typically constricts blood vessels to raise blood pressure.
Arterial Anatomy
- Arterial anastomoses occur where two arteries merge, primarily found in coronary circulation.
- Large elastic arteries expand and recoil due to elastic tissue in the tunica media.
Capillary Structure and Function
- Arterioles become extremely thin with few smooth muscle layers before entering capillary beds.
- Capillaries, the site of gaseous exchange, possess very thin walls composed of only endothelium and basal lamina.
Venous System
- After capillaries, venules lack muscle and are the initial vessels returning blood to the heart.
- Medium veins exhibit irregularly spaced smooth muscle and frequent valves in the tunica interna.
- The superior vena cava is an example of a large vein featuring both circular and longitudinal smooth muscle arranged in the tunica media and externa, respectively.
Vascular Physiology
- Vasoconstriction results from the contraction of smooth muscle in the tunica media.
- Hydrostatic pressure drives the shift of fluid balance at the arterial end of capillaries.
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