Blood Typing and Anticlot Medications Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which medication inhibits platelet aggregation by blocking platelet receptors?

  • Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Inhibitors
  • Heparin
  • Aspirin
  • Clopidogrel (correct)

What is the primary function of Aspirin in the context of anticlot medications?

  • Preventing the activation of clotting factors
  • Inhibiting platelet enzymes, therefore preventing aggregation (correct)
  • Blocking platelet receptors
  • Directly dissolving existing clots

Which blood type is characterized by the presence of both A and B antigens on the surface of erythrocytes?

  • Type A
  • Type AB (correct)
  • Type O
  • Type B

If a patient's blood sample shows neither the A nor B antigens, which blood type does the patient have?

<p>Type O (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the Rh factor in blood typing?

<p>It determines whether a person's blood is positive or negative. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many clinically important antigen groups are typically considered when determining blood type?

<p>Two (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do surface markers known as antigens do?

<p>Determine blood group types (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant challenge in early blood transfusions?

<p>Incompatible blood types leading to fatalities (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A person with B+ blood can receive blood from which of the following?

<p>B+, B-, O+, and O- (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What antibodies are present in the plasma of a person with O- blood?

<p>Anti-A, anti-B, and anti-Rh (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A mother with which blood type is most likely to experience Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (Erythroblastosis Fetalis)?

<p>O- (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which pregnancy is the risk of Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn typically the greatest if no preventative measures are taken?

<p>Subsequent pregnancies with an Rh-positive fetus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of administering Rh o(D) Immune Globulin to an Rh-negative pregnant woman?

<p>To prevent the mother's leukocytes from producing anti-Rh antibodies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of antibodies will be present in the plasma of an individual with type A+ blood?

<p>Anti-B antibodies only (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a patient with type O- blood requires a transfusion, which blood type could they safely receive?

<p>Type O- (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it that a person with type AB+ blood can receive blood from any blood group?

<p>They have both A and B antigens, and Rh antigen on their erythrocytes but generate no corresponding antibodies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a transfusion reaction?

<p>The activation of the immune system due to the presence of foreign antigens in blood (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An individual with type B- blood can safely produce which types of antibodies?

<p>Both anti-A and anti-Rh antibodies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a person with type A+ blood donates blood, who cannot receive it?

<p>Anyone with type B- blood (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about anti-R h antibodies is correct?

<p>They will only be produced if the body is exposed to the Rh antigen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is type O- blood considered the universal donor?

<p>It doesn't have any A, B or Rh antigens, which cannot be recognized as foreign (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the heme group in hemoglobin?

<p>To facilitate the binding of oxygen in high oxygen areas (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What color does hemoglobin exhibit when fully saturated with oxygen?

<p>Bright red (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long is the typical lifespan of an erythrocyte?

<p>100–120 days (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial progenitor cell in erythropoiesis called?

<p>Erythrocyte Colony-Forming Unit (CFU) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hormone is essential for the maturation of proerythroblasts?

<p>Erythropoietin (EPO) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition can result from the binding of carbon monoxide to hemoglobin?

<p>Carboxyhemoglobinemia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do erythrocytes have a limited lifespan?

<p>They have no cellular machinery to repair themselves (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What stage do erythrocytes enter the bloodstream after maturation?

<p>Reticulocyte (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary hormone responsible for regulating erythropoiesis?

<p>Erythropoietin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when blood oxygen levels decrease below normal?

<p>Erythropoietin production increases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of platelets in the circulatory system?

<p>Aid in blood clotting (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organ is primarily responsible for the digestion of older erythrocytes?

<p>Spleen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is most commonly associated with abnormal hemoglobin?

<p>Sickle-Cell Disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of erythrocytes becoming trapped in the spleen?

<p>They are broken down by macrophages (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main symptoms of severe anemia?

<p>Pallor, fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When erythropoiesis is stimulated, what effect does this have on hematocrit levels?

<p>Hematocrit levels rise (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical life span of most white blood cells?

<p>1-20 days (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

After erythrocyte death, what does globin get broken down into?

<p>Amino acids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Individuals with Sickle-Cell Trait usually experience what effect?

<p>Asymptomatic condition leading to malaria resistance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the iron extracted from the heme group during erythrocyte breakdown?

<p>It binds to proteins for storage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are responsible for producing white blood cells in the body?

<p>Stem cells in bone marrow (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is bilirubin sent after the breakdown of heme during erythrocyte death?

<p>Kidney for excretion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What potential consequence can untreated severe anemia lead to?

<p>Rapid heart rate and possible fatality (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of leukocytes?

<p>Transport nutrients (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is hemoglobin?

Hemoglobin is a protein found in red blood cells, made of four polypeptide subunits, each bound to a heme group, a molecule containing iron. Hemoglobin is responsible for carrying oxygen in the blood.

What is oxyhemoglobin?

Oxyhemoglobin is formed when heme binds to oxygen in the lungs, where oxygen levels are high.

What is deoxyhemoglobin?

Deoxyhemoglobin is formed when heme releases oxygen in tissues, where oxygen levels are low.

What is carboxyhemoglobin?

Carboxyhemoglobin is formed when hemoglobin binds to carbon monoxide, which it does 200 times more strongly than oxygen. This binding is irreversible, meaning carbon monoxide will not release from hemoglobin, making it lethal.

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What is the lifespan of erythrocytes?

Erythrocytes, or red blood cells, have a lifespan of only 100 - 120 days because they lack the ability to repair themselves.

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What is hematopoiesis?

Hematopoiesis is the process of blood cell formation. It occurs in the red bone marrow.

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What is erythropoiesis?

Erythropoiesis is the specific process of red blood cell formation. It takes 5-7 days and produces about 250 billion cells per day.

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What are Erythrocyte Colony-Forming Units (CFU)?

Erythrocyte Colony-Forming Units (CFU) are progenitor cells that develop into erythrocytes. Their differentiation requires erythropoietin (EPO), a hormone secreted by the kidneys.

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Erythropoiesis

The process of producing red blood cells.

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Erythropoietin

A hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells, primarily produced by the kidneys.

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Hypoxia

A decrease in the oxygen level in the blood, which can trigger an increase in erythropoietin production.

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Chemoreceptors

Specialized cells in the kidneys that detect low oxygen levels in the blood.

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Erythrocyte Death

The removal of old and damaged red blood cells from the bloodstream, primarily by the spleen.

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Macrophage

A type of white blood cell that engulfs and destroys old red blood cells and other debris in the bloodstream.

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Bilirubin

The breakdown product of heme, a pigment that is eventually excreted in the feces.

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Erythrocyte Maturation

The process by which red blood cells are transported from the bone marrow into the bloodstream.

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Anemia

A condition where the blood's ability to carry oxygen is reduced.

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Decreased Hemoglobin Anemia

A type of anemia caused by a deficiency in red blood cells or hemoglobin.

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Decreased Hematocrit Anemia

A type of anemia caused by a low percentage of red blood cells in the blood.

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Abnormal Hemoglobin Anemia

A type of anemia caused by abnormal hemoglobin structure.

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Sickle-Cell Disease

A common abnormal hemoglobin disorder where red blood cells become sickle-shaped.

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Sickle-Cell Trait

A genetic trait where a person has one copy of the sickle-cell gene.

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Hemoglobin S (Hb S)

A type of hemoglobin found in individuals with sickle-cell disease.

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Platelets

Small, cell fragments that lack a nucleus but participate in blood clotting.

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Self Antigens

Antigens that our immune system recognizes as belonging to our own body, preventing an immune response.

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Foreign Antigens

Antigens that are foreign to our bodies, triggering an immune response.

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Anti-A and Anti-B Antibodies in Plasma

Antibodies present in plasma that target specific antigens found on red blood cells.

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Anti-Rh Antibodies

Antibodies that form only after exposure to a specific antigen, like the Rh antigen.

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Transfusion Reaction

A serious reaction when incompatible blood types are mixed, leading to clumping of red blood cells and potential organ damage.

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Universal Donor

A blood type that lacks both A and B antigens, making it universally compatible for transfusion.

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Universal Recipient

A blood type that lacks all antibodies, making it compatible for receiving any type of blood.

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Agglutination

The clumping of red blood cells caused by antibodies reacting with foreign antigens.

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What is Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn?

Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN) occurs when an Rh-negative mother carries an Rh-positive fetus. During birth, fetal red blood cells enter the mother's bloodstream, causing her immune system to produce anti-Rh antibodies. This poses a risk for subsequent pregnancies, as the anti-Rh antibodies can cross the placenta and destroy the fetal red blood cells.

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Why is the first pregnancy with an Rh-positive fetus less risky than subsequent pregnancies?

The first pregnancy with an Rh-positive fetus does not usually pose a risk for HDN because the mother is newly exposed to the Rh antigen. However, subsequent pregnancies where the mother has been previously exposed will be at a higher risk.

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What is Rh o(D) Immune Globulin (RhIG) and how does it work?

Rh o(D) Immune Globulin (RhIG) is given to Rh-negative women to prevent the production of anti-Rh antibodies. RhIG binds to the fetal Rh-positive red blood cells in the mother’s blood, preventing her immune system from recognizing them as foreign and triggering an immune response.

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What happens if an Rh-negative mother is not given RhIG?

If an Rh-negative mother is not treated with RhIG, her immune system will produce anti-Rh antibodies during the first pregnancy. These antibodies can cross the placenta in future pregnancies and attack the Rh-positive red blood cells of the developing fetus.

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Anticlot Medications

Medications that directly affect platelets, preventing them from clumping together.

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Aspirin

A medication that inhibits enzymes in platelets, preventing them from clumping together and forming clots.

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Clopidogrel

A medication that blocks platelet receptors, preventing them from sticking together and forming clots.

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Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Inhibitors

A medication used in heart attack patients that blocks platelet receptors, preventing them from clumping together and forming clots.

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Blood Transfusion

The process of transferring blood from one person (the donor) to another (the recipient).

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Antigens

Specific markers found on the surface of red blood cells, which determine blood types.

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AB O Blood Group

A major blood type system categorizing people into four main types: A, B, AB, and O.

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R h Blood Group

A system that classifies blood based on the presence or absence of the Rh (D) antigen.

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Study Notes

Blood Overview

  • Blood is a fluid connective tissue circulating constantly through the heart and blood vessels.
  • It accounts for about 8% of the total body weight and approximately 5 liters in volume.
  • Blood is composed of plasma (a liquid extracellular matrix) and formed elements (cells and cell fragments).

Components of Blood

  • Plasma:
    • Primarily water (90%). Acts as a solvent for various substances.
    • Contains dissolved solutes, including proteins (9%), nutrients, waste products, ions, gases (e.g., oxygen and carbon dioxide).
  • Formed Elements:
    • Erythrocytes (red blood cells):
      • Biconcave discs, maximizing surface area for gas exchange.
      • Lack nuclei and most organelles, primarily dedicated to hemoglobin for carrying oxygen and carbon dioxide.
      • Each red blood cell has billions of oxygen-carrying hemoglobin molecules.
    • Leukocytes (white blood cells):
      • Protect against infection and regulate the inflammatory response.
      • Different types (granular and agranular leukocytes).
      • Relatively short lifespan (1-20 days).
      • Numbers rise quickly in response to infection.
    • Platelets (thrombocytes):
      • Cell fragments involved in blood clotting.
      • Lack nuclei, contain granules with clotting factors, and enzymes.

Blood Functions

  • Gas exchange: Transport of oxygen from the lungs to tissues, and carbon dioxide from tissues to the lungs, primarily by erythrocytes.
  • Distributing solutes: Transport of nutrients, hormones, ions, and waste products throughout the body.
  • Immune function: Leukocytes of the immune system use blood to reach all body tissues.
  • Sealing damaged vessels: Form blood clots to stop blood loss, involving platelets and certain proteins.
  • Homeostasis: Maintaining blood pH (7.35-7.45) range through blood composition control.
  • Blood pressure regulation: Blood volume is a crucial factor determining blood pressure; maintaining blood volume is vital.

Erythrocyte Structure and Function

  • Biconcave shape: Maximizes surface area for gas exchange.
  • Anucleate: Lacks a nucleus, maximizing space for hemoglobin.
  • Hemoglobin: Protein within erythrocytes that binds oxygen, resulting in bright red blood in oxygenated areas.
  • Releases Oxygen: Hemoglobin releases oxygen in areas with low oxygen levels.
  • Carbon Monoxide Binding: Hemoglobin binds carbon monoxide, which can cause serious health issues due to reduced oxygen carrying capacity.
  • Short lifespan: 100-120 days

Erythropoiesis

  • Formation of Erythrocytes: 5-7 days
  • Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSCs) and Progenitor Cells: Development of Erythrocytes starts in bone marrow from precursor cells (proerythroblasts->erythroblasts->reticulocytes->erythrocytes)
  • Erythropoietin (EPO): Hormone secreted by kidneys to stimulate erythropoiesis in response to low blood oxygen levels.

Erythrocyte Death

  • Trapped in the spleen: Old or damaged erythrocytes are trapped in the spleen.
  • Macrophage digestion: Spleen macrophages break down the erythrocytes.
  • Recycling of components: Globin is broken down into amino acids; iron is recycled for hemoglobin synthesis; bilirubin is sent to the liver for excretion.

Anemia

  • Decreased oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood.
  • Symptoms include pallor, fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath.
  • Three main causes: Decreased hemoglobin, decreased hematocrit, and abnormal hemoglobin.
  • Abnormal hemoglobin examples: Sickle Cell Disease.

White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)

  • Produced in bone marrow.
  • Protect against infection.
  • Regulate inflammatory reactions.
  • Two main types: Granular and agranular.

Platelets

  • Cell fragments that play a key role in blood clotting.
  • Lack nuclei.
  • Contain granules with clotting factors and enzymes.
  • Important components of hemostasis.

Clotting

  • Hemostasis: Stoppage of blood loss.
  • Three stages: vascular spasm, platelet plug, coagulation.
  • Blood clots from liquid to a gel, involving several proteins.

Clotting Disorders

  • Conditions where clotting is not regulated properly, i.e bleeding or hypercoagulation.
  • Bleeding disorders caused by clotting factor deficiencies (e.g., hemophilia).
  • Hypercoagulable conditions: Formation of inappropriate clots, obstructing blood flow.

Anticlotting Medications

  • Drugs that prevent clotting (e.g., heparin, warfarin, apixaban, rivaroxaban) act on different aspects of the clotting cascade.

Blood Typing and Matching for Transfusions

  • Blood typing: Determining antigens present on the surface of red blood cells.
  • ABO blood groups (A, B, AB, O) and Rh factor (positive, negative) are clinically significant blood types.
  • Transfusion reactions: Occurs when incompatible blood types are mixed; results in clumping and destruction of red blood cells.
    • A person can only receive blood types compatible with their own.
    • Universal donors (O-) and universal recipients (AB+) exist.

Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (Erythroblastosis Fetalis)

  • Condition of a Rh-negative mother carrying a Rh-positive fetus.
  • Maternal antibodies (produced from fetal blood cells entering maternal circulation during birth) can attack fetal red blood cells.
  • Treatment: Immune globulin (RhoGAM) can prevent the production of these antibodies in subsequent pregnancies.

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Human Anatomy and Physiology BIOL3306 Fall 2024 Lecture Notes PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on blood types, platelet aggregation, and the role of medications like Aspirin in anticoagulation. This quiz covers key concepts in hematology and blood transfusion challenges. Perfect for students in healthcare or biology courses.

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