Blood Tissue Overview

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following cells are primarily involved in humoral immunity?

  • T-lymphocytes
  • Monocytes
  • B-lymphocytes (correct)
  • Eosinophils

Eosinophils increase in number during measles and typhus infections.

False (B)

What is the shape of a monocyte's nucleus?

Kidney-shaped

The number of platelets in a healthy individual typically ranges from ________ to 40 x 10⁹/l.

<p>20</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements regarding thrombocytopenia is accurate?

<p>It is characterized by a decreased number of platelets. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the blood components with their descriptions:

<p>Eosinophils = Increase in allergic reactions and parasitic infections Platelets = Involved in blood clotting Monocytes = Form macrophages in connective tissue B-lymphocytes = Synthesize antibodies for humoral immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lymphocytes can be categorized into small, medium, and large based on their dimensions.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The molecules synthesized by activated B-lymphocytes are called ________.

<p>antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of leukocyte is most abundant in a complete blood count (CBC)?

<p>Neutrophils (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Eosinophils are classified as microphages.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three key functions of basophils?

<p>Modulate inflammatory processes, release histamine during allergy, and act as anticoagulants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Neutrophils primarily function as __________, engulfing and destroying bacteria.

<p>phagocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of leukocytes with their characteristics:

<p>Neutrophils = Increased during bacterial infections Basophils = Release of histamine and modulate inflammation Eosinophils = Combat parasites and allergic reactions Monocytes = Differentiate into macrophages in tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percent of leukocytes in a normal CBC is represented by eosinophils?

<p>1 - 4% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Histamine secreted by basophils reduces capillary permeability.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is neutrophilia?

<p>An increased number of neutrophils in a CBC.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary fluid component of blood?

<p>Blood plasma (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Erythrocytes are also known as white blood cells.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the lifespan of erythrocytes in women?

<p>110 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of blood clotting involves platelets and _____ proteins.

<p>plasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following blood components with their primary functions:

<p>Erythrocytes = Transport of O2 and CO2 Leukocytes = Immune defense Thrombocytes = Blood clotting Plasma = Transport nutrients and waste</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a function of leukocytes?

<p>Immune defense (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The average erythrocyte count for men is lower than for women.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the embryonic origin of blood tissue?

<p>Mesenchyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

The number of erythrocytes can increase to a condition known as _____ when there is an elevated count.

<p>erythrocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of blood has a biconcave disk shape and is anucleate?

<p>Erythrocytes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Eosinophil increase

An increase in eosinophil count in the blood, often associated with allergic reactions and parasitic infections.

Eosinopenia

A decrease in eosinophil count in the blood, often seen with certain illnesses like measles and typhus or immunosuppressive treatments.

Lymphocyte size

Lymphocytes are categorized by size: small (6-8µm), medium (8-12µm), and large (12-18µm).

Lymphocyte nucleus

Lymphocyte nuclei are eccentric (not centrally located) and have heterochromatin arranged radially, like 'wheel spokes'.

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B-lymphocytes

B-lymphocytes produce antibodies and are involved in humoral immunity.

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T-helper cells

T-helper cells regulate the immune response.

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Monocytes' function

Monocytes differentiate into macrophages, which perform phagocytosis (engulfing) of pathogens and present antigens.

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Platelets function

Platelets are crucial for blood clotting.

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Blood Function

Blood transports nutrients, oxygen, and waste products; defends against infection; and regulates body temperature.

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Blood Components

Blood consists of blood cells (erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes) and plasma.

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Erythrocytes

Red blood cells; carry oxygen and carbon dioxide.

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Leukocytes

White blood cells; part of the immune system.

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Thrombocytes

Blood platelets; essential for blood clotting.

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Blood Plasma

The liquid part of blood; transports nutrients, waste, and blood cells.

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Hemoglobin

The protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen.

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Erythrocyte Count (Normal)

The range of normal red blood cell counts for males and females.

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Erythroclasis

Breakdown of old red blood cells in the spleen and liver.

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Blood Tissue Location

Blood is found in blood vessels and hematopoietic organs.

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Neutrophils

A type of white blood cell (leukocyte) with a multi-lobed nucleus and granules that help fight infection.

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Neutrophil Granules

Neutrophils contain both specific and non-specific granules. Specific granules contain antibacterial substances; non-specific granules are lysosomes (containing enzymes).

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Basophils Function

Basophils release histamine and heparin which activate inflammatory processes and prevent blood clotting.

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Basophils

Another type of white blood cell with irregular shaped nucleus and granules that stain basophilic; they are involved in allergies and inflammatory responses.

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Eosinophils

A type of white blood cell with a bi-lobed nucleus, and granules that stain strongly pink-orange. They are important for fighting parasites and certain allergic reactions.

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Eosinophil Granules

Eosinophil granules contain substances like antihistamines, which help counter allergic reactions.

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Microphages

These are cells involved in phagocytosis, the process of engulfing and destroying foreign particles or pathogens.

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Neutrophilia

An increased number of neutrophils in blood, often indicative of infection.

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Study Notes

Blood Tissue

  • Blood is a fundamental tissue type
  • Accounts for 7% - 8% of total body weight
  • Ranges from 4 to 6 liters
  • Composed of two key components: cells and plasma (fluid extracellular component)

Blood Cells

  • Erythrocytes (red blood cells): These cells carry oxygen
  • Leukocytes (white blood cells): Crucial for the immune system
  • Thrombocytes (platelets): Involved in blood clotting

Fluid Extracellular Component

  • Blood plasma: This component makes up approximately 55% of blood

Blood Tissue - Localization

  • Blood vessels
  • Hematopoietic organs

Blood Tissue - Functions: Metabolism

  • Water-salt exchange
  • Nutrient and metabolic product transport

Blood Tissue - Functions: Respiratory

  • Oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) transport between alveoli and tissue cells (primarily erythrocyte function)

Blood Tissue - Functions: Protective

  • White blood cells (leukocytes) participate in immune responses

Blood Tissue - Functions: Regulatory

  • Transport of hormones, growth factors, and other active substances
  • Thermoregulation
  • Blood clotting (formation of thrombi in vessel ruptures - platelet and plasma protein function)

Blood Tissue - Embryonic Origin

  • Mesenchyme (fourth embryonic layer)

Erythrocytes

  • Red blood cells (RBC)
  • Functional role: respiratory function (oxygen and carbon dioxide transport)
  • Typical shape: biconcave disc (7-8 µm)
  • Lack a nucleus (anucleate cells)
  • Cytoplasm is filled with hemoglobin
  • Normal count: Men – 4.5 to 5.8 x 1012/L, Women – 4.2 to 5.4 x 1012/L
  • Lifespan: in men – 140 days, in women – 110 days
  • Breakdown is called erythroclasis (takes place in the liver and spleen)
  • Increased RBC count: erythrocytosis
  • Decreased RBC count: erythropenia

Hemoglobin

  • Complex protein
  • Composed of four polypeptide chains of globin
  • Each globin chain contains a heme molecule containing iron (iron binds reversibly with oxygen or carbon dioxide).

Leukocytes

  • White blood cells (WBC), leukocytes
  • Circulate in blood, but function outside of blood vessels
  • Move through capillary walls using pseudopodia (diapedesis)
  • Normal count: 4 - 10 x 109/L
  • Increased white blood cell count: leukocytosis
  • Decreased white blood cell count: leukopenia

Types of Leukocytes

  • Granulocytes (with specific granules)
    • Neutrophils (Neu): 55-65% in CBC; 12-15µm; multiple lobes; phagocytosis of bacteria
    • Eosinophils (Eo): 1-4% in CBC; 17µm, two-lobed nucleus; response to allergic reactions
    • Basophils (Ba): 0.5-1% in CBC, irregular nucleus, release histamine
  • Agranulocytes (without specific granules)
    • Lymphocytes (Ly): 25-35% in CBC; various sizes (6-8µm, 8-12µm, 12-18µm); involved in immune response
    • Monocytes (Mo): 4-8% in CBC; 20µm; kidney-shaped nucleus; differentiation into macrophages

Complete Blood Count (CBC)

  • Measures percentages of leukocytes in blood
  • Reveals unusual increases or decreases in cell counts, which may indicate underlying medical conditions
  • Used to monitor treatment

Platelets (Thrombocytes)

  • Cytoplasmic fragments of megakaryocytes
  • Crucial for blood clotting
  • Normal platelet count: 20–40 × 109/L
  • Increased platelet count: thrombocytosis
  • Decreased platelet count: thrombocytopenia
  • Contain granules with clotting factors, serotonin, other substances for platelet aggregation, and lysosomes

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