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Questions and Answers
The assessment of ventilation and perfusion is known as V/Q ______.
The assessment of ventilation and perfusion is known as V/Q ______.
Mismatch
Patients with pneumonia should be positioned in a way that promotes ______ to aid their recovery.
Patients with pneumonia should be positioned in a way that promotes ______ to aid their recovery.
drainage
In managing pleural effusion, a ______ may be performed to remove excess fluid from the pleural space.
In managing pleural effusion, a ______ may be performed to remove excess fluid from the pleural space.
thoracentesis
For screening tuberculosis, a ______ test is commonly utilized to check for exposure.
For screening tuberculosis, a ______ test is commonly utilized to check for exposure.
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A significant increase in respiratory distress may indicate a ______ in patients with lung issues.
A significant increase in respiratory distress may indicate a ______ in patients with lung issues.
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When a patient presents with a suspected pneumothorax, immediate ______ assessment is crucial.
When a patient presents with a suspected pneumothorax, immediate ______ assessment is crucial.
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In patients with tuberculosis, it is vital to monitor for ______ reactions from medications used in treatment.
In patients with tuberculosis, it is vital to monitor for ______ reactions from medications used in treatment.
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Patients are advised to perform deep breathing exercises to prevent ______ when recovering from a thoracotomy.
Patients are advised to perform deep breathing exercises to prevent ______ when recovering from a thoracotomy.
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V/Q Mismatch can result in inadequate ______ exchange.
V/Q Mismatch can result in inadequate ______ exchange.
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For pneumonia patients, positioning them in a high-______ position can help improve oxygenation.
For pneumonia patients, positioning them in a high-______ position can help improve oxygenation.
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Management of pleural effusion often involves procedures like ______.
Management of pleural effusion often involves procedures like ______.
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Tuberculosis screening often requires a ______ test or chest X-ray.
Tuberculosis screening often requires a ______ test or chest X-ray.
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In cases of pneumothorax, a key implication is the risk of ______ collapse.
In cases of pneumothorax, a key implication is the risk of ______ collapse.
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In ARDS, fluid in the alveoli hinders ______ exchange.
In ARDS, fluid in the alveoli hinders ______ exchange.
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Patients with COPD should maintain a normal SpO2 of ______ to ______ percent.
Patients with COPD should maintain a normal SpO2 of ______ to ______ percent.
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A ______ is a condition where air escapes into the pleural space causing lung collapse.
A ______ is a condition where air escapes into the pleural space causing lung collapse.
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When managing a pleural effusion, a ______ is used to remove excess fluid from the pleural space.
When managing a pleural effusion, a ______ is used to remove excess fluid from the pleural space.
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Patients with tuberculosis should be screened using a ______ test to identify exposure to the bacteria.
Patients with tuberculosis should be screened using a ______ test to identify exposure to the bacteria.
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In cases of pneumothorax, the Medialstinum may shift due to increased pressure in the ______ space.
In cases of pneumothorax, the Medialstinum may shift due to increased pressure in the ______ space.
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When positioning a patient for pneumonia, it is important to have them in an ______ position to enhance lung expansion.
When positioning a patient for pneumonia, it is important to have them in an ______ position to enhance lung expansion.
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During a tension pneumothorax, air cannot leave the pleural space, leading to ______ of the lungs.
During a tension pneumothorax, air cannot leave the pleural space, leading to ______ of the lungs.
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In managing pneumothorax, a three-way dressing is used to prevent ______ exchange.
In managing pneumothorax, a three-way dressing is used to prevent ______ exchange.
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Signs and symptoms of a pneumothorax include sharp chest pain, ______, and tachycardia.
Signs and symptoms of a pneumothorax include sharp chest pain, ______, and tachycardia.
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To maintain airway patency in semiconscious patients, a ______ airway may be used.
To maintain airway patency in semiconscious patients, a ______ airway may be used.
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For patients with complications from ______, medical interventions such as chest tubes may be needed.
For patients with complications from ______, medical interventions such as chest tubes may be needed.
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Prothrombin Time (PT) assesses how fast blood ______.
Prothrombin Time (PT) assesses how fast blood ______.
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The INR level helps determine the amount of ______ prescribed to patients.
The INR level helps determine the amount of ______ prescribed to patients.
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Intravascular fluid is the fluid located inside a ______ vessel.
Intravascular fluid is the fluid located inside a ______ vessel.
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Hypotonic solutions cause water to enter the ______, potentially leading to edema.
Hypotonic solutions cause water to enter the ______, potentially leading to edema.
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In cases of metabolic alkalosis, potassium (K) levels are typically ______.
In cases of metabolic alkalosis, potassium (K) levels are typically ______.
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For patients with severe edema, colloid solutions help move fluid from ______ to intravascular compartments.
For patients with severe edema, colloid solutions help move fluid from ______ to intravascular compartments.
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Heparin's antidote is ______ sulfate.
Heparin's antidote is ______ sulfate.
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Patients who are NPO due to GI issues should be assessed for adequate ______ intake.
Patients who are NPO due to GI issues should be assessed for adequate ______ intake.
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Pus in the pleural cavity is known as ______.
Pus in the pleural cavity is known as ______.
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A common treatment for asthma includes administering ______ and steroids.
A common treatment for asthma includes administering ______ and steroids.
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In patients with COPD, it is recommended to maintain a SpO2 level between ______ and 92 percent.
In patients with COPD, it is recommended to maintain a SpO2 level between ______ and 92 percent.
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The early sign of cerebral ______ is restlessness and irritability.
The early sign of cerebral ______ is restlessness and irritability.
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Droplet precautions include wearing gloves, gown, a face mask, and an ______.
Droplet precautions include wearing gloves, gown, a face mask, and an ______.
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Patients with ______ should avoid morphine because it can exacerbate symptoms.
Patients with ______ should avoid morphine because it can exacerbate symptoms.
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Airborne precautions require N95 masks and standard ______.
Airborne precautions require N95 masks and standard ______.
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In cases of ARDS, fluid in the alveoli severely inhibits ______ exchange.
In cases of ARDS, fluid in the alveoli severely inhibits ______ exchange.
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Drug therapy typically lasts for ______ months or longer.
Drug therapy typically lasts for ______ months or longer.
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A ______ pneumothorax allows air to circulate freely into the pleural space.
A ______ pneumothorax allows air to circulate freely into the pleural space.
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Signs and symptoms of a pneumothorax include sharp chest pain, shortness of breath (SOB), ______, tachycardia, tachypnea, and hypotension.
Signs and symptoms of a pneumothorax include sharp chest pain, shortness of breath (SOB), ______, tachycardia, tachypnea, and hypotension.
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In a myocardial infarction (MI), the ECG shows ______ elevation.
In a myocardial infarction (MI), the ECG shows ______ elevation.
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The mnemonic MONA stands for Morphine, Oxygen, ______, and Aspirin for myocardial infarction treatment.
The mnemonic MONA stands for Morphine, Oxygen, ______, and Aspirin for myocardial infarction treatment.
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The presence of a ______ rub indicates pericarditis, which is the inflammation of the outer layer of the heart.
The presence of a ______ rub indicates pericarditis, which is the inflammation of the outer layer of the heart.
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In heart failure, blood may back up into the lungs if it is ______ sided heart failure.
In heart failure, blood may back up into the lungs if it is ______ sided heart failure.
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For active angina, it is crucial to have the patient rest, take vitals, perform an ECG, and administer no more than ______ nitroglycerin tablets 5 minutes apart.
For active angina, it is crucial to have the patient rest, take vitals, perform an ECG, and administer no more than ______ nitroglycerin tablets 5 minutes apart.
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Beck's Triad is a set of signs for cardiac tamponade, which includes hypotension, JVD, and ______ heart sounds.
Beck's Triad is a set of signs for cardiac tamponade, which includes hypotension, JVD, and ______ heart sounds.
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The nasopharyngeal ______ is a tube-like device used to maintain upper airway patency.
The nasopharyngeal ______ is a tube-like device used to maintain upper airway patency.
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PT measures how fast blood ______.
PT measures how fast blood ______.
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The INR level is especially important for patients taking ______.
The INR level is especially important for patients taking ______.
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Hypotonic solutions cause water to enter the cells, potentially leading to ______.
Hypotonic solutions cause water to enter the cells, potentially leading to ______.
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Colloid solutions help move fluid from interstitial to ______ compartments.
Colloid solutions help move fluid from interstitial to ______ compartments.
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Antidote for heparin is ______ sulfate.
Antidote for heparin is ______ sulfate.
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Elevated potassium (K) levels may indicate ______.
Elevated potassium (K) levels may indicate ______.
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Beta 1 receptors are predominantly found in the ______.
Beta 1 receptors are predominantly found in the ______.
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Patients should consume 2-3L of ______ per day.
Patients should consume 2-3L of ______ per day.
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In respiratory infections, the abbreviation M stands for ______ resistant organism.
In respiratory infections, the abbreviation M stands for ______ resistant organism.
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Patients with skin infections may be affected by ______ simplex, which can cause lesions.
Patients with skin infections may be affected by ______ simplex, which can cause lesions.
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Sepsis is included in the ______ mnemonic representing systemic infections.
Sepsis is included in the ______ mnemonic representing systemic infections.
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In cases of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS), the first sign to watch for is increased ______.
In cases of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS), the first sign to watch for is increased ______.
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During an asthma attack, patients may experience difficulty in ______ due to airway constriction.
During an asthma attack, patients may experience difficulty in ______ due to airway constriction.
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Patients with COPD should maintain a normal SpO2 level between ______ and 92 percent.
Patients with COPD should maintain a normal SpO2 level between ______ and 92 percent.
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Pus in the pleural cavity is referred to as ______.
Pus in the pleural cavity is referred to as ______.
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Droplet precautions include utilizing gloves, a gown, a face mask, and an ______.
Droplet precautions include utilizing gloves, a gown, a face mask, and an ______.
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Rifapentine may cause orange colored body ______ and should be taken with meals.
Rifapentine may cause orange colored body ______ and should be taken with meals.
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A tension pneumothorax is characterized by air that cannot leave the pleural ______, leading to lung compression.
A tension pneumothorax is characterized by air that cannot leave the pleural ______, leading to lung compression.
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The main indicator of pericarditis is the presence of a friction ______.
The main indicator of pericarditis is the presence of a friction ______.
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For myocardial infarction, the mnemonic MONA stands for Morphine, Oxygen, Nitroglycerine, and ______.
For myocardial infarction, the mnemonic MONA stands for Morphine, Oxygen, Nitroglycerine, and ______.
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In right-sided heart failure, symptoms may include peripheral ______, jugular venous distention (JVD), and hepatomegaly.
In right-sided heart failure, symptoms may include peripheral ______, jugular venous distention (JVD), and hepatomegaly.
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Signs and symptoms of myocardial infarction include severe chest pain, dyspnea, and ______.
Signs and symptoms of myocardial infarction include severe chest pain, dyspnea, and ______.
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The three-way ______ is used in pneumothorax management to prevent air from entering the pleural space.
The three-way ______ is used in pneumothorax management to prevent air from entering the pleural space.
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Blood flow through the heart follows this sequence: Tricuspid → Pulmonic → Mitral → ______.
Blood flow through the heart follows this sequence: Tricuspid → Pulmonic → Mitral → ______.
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Patients with Prinzmetal's angina experience chest pain that occurs at rest, usually at night or in the ______ morning.
Patients with Prinzmetal's angina experience chest pain that occurs at rest, usually at night or in the ______ morning.
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Cardiac tamponade is a medical ______ where fluid in the pericardium creates pressure on the heart.
Cardiac tamponade is a medical ______ where fluid in the pericardium creates pressure on the heart.
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Study Notes
Blood Tests
- PT (Prothrombin Time): Assesses how quickly blood clots. Dependent on vitamin K, produced by the liver. High levels can be caused by vitamin K deficiency, cancer, or liver disease.
- INR (International Normalized Ratio): Lab used for patients taking warfarin, to determine the appropriate dose of warfarin.
- PTT (Partial Thromboplastin Time): Measures the speed of clotting using the extrinsic pathway. Lab used to assess if blood-thinning therapy, such as heparin, is working.
Body Fluids
- Intracellular Fluid: Fluid inside cells.
- Extracellular Fluid: Fluid outside cells, including interstitial fluid, connective tissues, bones, and blood.
- Intravascular Fluid: Fluid within blood vessels.
- Isotonic Solutions: No osmotic pressure; cells retain their same size. Examples include 0.9% NS (normal saline), Lactated Ringers, and D5W (5% dextrose in water).
- Hypotonic Solutions: Water enters cells; potentially causing edema. Examples include 0.45% NS and 0.33% NS.
- Hypertonic Solutions: Water is removed from cells. Examples include 3% and 5% NS, D5W with 1/2 NS, and D10W (10% dextrose in water).
- Colloids: Fluid moves from interstitial to intravascular space; given for severe hypovolemia. Examples include Albumin and Dextran.
Electrolyte Relationships
- Inverse Relationships: Sodium and Potassium, Phosphorus and Magnesium, Calcium and Phosphorus.
- Similar Relationships: Potassium and Magnesium, Calcium and Vitamin D, Magnesium and Calcium.
Acid-Base Balance
- Acidosis: Low pH; often associated with high potassium.
- Alkalosis: High pH; often associated with low potassium.
- Hyperventilation: Increases the chance of respiratory alkalosis due to increased carbon dioxide in the blood.
- Metabolic Alkalosis: Excess bicarbonate or loss of acid in blood.
- Metabolic Acidosis: Excess acid or loss of bicarbonate in blood.
- Antidotes: Heparin-> Protamine Sulfate, Warfarin-> Vitamin K, Potassium-> Insulin, Kayexalate, Magnesium Sulfate -> Calcium Gluconate, Tylenol-> Mucomyst, Opiates-> Narcan, Narcotics-> Narcan, Digoxin-> Digiband, Insulin-> Glucose, Cholinergic crisis-> Atropine and oximes, Iron-> Deferoxamine, Beta Blockers-> Glucagon, TPA->Aminocaproic acid, Benzodiazepines-> Romazicon.
Important Information
- NPO (Nothing by mouth): Anytime there is a Gl issue.
- Fluid needs: 2-3 liters of fluid per day in some cases
- Med Timing: Give meds one hour before or two hours after meals
- Neurological patients: Maintain head of bed at 30-45 degrees.
- Post-surgical Monitoring: Monitor for bleeding and infection first 24 & 48 hrs, respectively.
- Daily Weights: Important in patients with fluid problems
- Electrolyte Imbalances: Monitor patients with vomiting and diarrhea for electrolyte imbalances
General Nursing
- ABC's: Airway, Breathing, Circulation
- Maslow's Hierarchy - a five-level model of human needs, with basic needs (physiological, safety) at the bottom.
- Fire Safety RACE - rescue, alarm, contain, extinguish.
- Primary Prevention: Educating on first aid.
- Secondary Prevention: Emergency department, triage & treatment for injuries.
- Tertiary Prevention: Follow-up care for recovery & complications after injuries.
- Nursing Process: Assessing, Diagnosing, Outcome/Planning, Implementing ,and Evaluating.
Patient Positioning
- Epidural puncture: Side-lying or lateral recumbent fetal position
- Lumbar puncture: Lateral recumbent fetal position, followed by supine to prevent headache.
- Pulmonary embolism: Left side-lying position
- Shortness of breath: High Fowlers
- Lung biopsy: Side-lying with arms elevated.
- Chest tube insertion: Arm raised above head
- NG tube: Right side-lying for emptying stomach; prevent aspiration.
- Dumping syndrome: Low Fowlers position
- Thyroidectomy: Low semi-Fowler's position.
- Myringotomy: affected ear down
- Cataract surgery: unaffected side
- Continuous Bladder Irrigation: Leg straight.
- Internal Radiation: Bedrest while implant in place
- Heat Stroke: Flat with legs elevated
- Total Hip Replacement: Sleep on unaffected side; hip abducted
- Buck's Traction: Elevate foot of bed for counter traction.
- Knee & Hip Amputations: Position prone daily for hip extension and elevate for 24 hrs
- Back Pain: William's position; side-lying position
- Myocardial Infarction: Semi-Fowler's
- Autonomic Dysreflexia: Elevate the head of the bed 30 degrees
- Head Injury: Elevate HOB 30 degrees; to decrease intracranial pressure
- Supratentorial Surgery: Elevate HOB 30-45 degrees
- Infratentorial Surgery: Lay flat and lateral on either side
- Enema Administration: Left side laying/Sim's position
- Appendicectomy: Right side laying with leg flexed
Diagnostic Signs/Tests
- Allen's Test: Tests radial and ulnar artery blood flow to the hand
- Cullen's Sign: Ecchymosis around the umbilicus; pancreatitis
- Turner's Sign: Grayish/blue ecchymosis on flanks; pancreatitis
- Murphy's Sign: Pain with palpation of the gallbladder (cholecystitis)
- McBurney's Point: RLQ pain, indicative of appendicitis.
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Description
This quiz covers essential blood tests including PT, INR, and PTT, and their significance in assessing clotting factors. It also explores various body fluids, their locations, and the characteristics of isotonic and hypotonic solutions. Ideal for health science students or anyone interested in human biology.
