Blood Tests and Body Fluids Overview
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Questions and Answers

The assessment of ventilation and perfusion is known as V/Q ______.

Mismatch

Patients with pneumonia should be positioned in a way that promotes ______ to aid their recovery.

drainage

In managing pleural effusion, a ______ may be performed to remove excess fluid from the pleural space.

thoracentesis

For screening tuberculosis, a ______ test is commonly utilized to check for exposure.

<p>Mantoux</p> Signup and view all the answers

A significant increase in respiratory distress may indicate a ______ in patients with lung issues.

<p>pneumothorax</p> Signup and view all the answers

When a patient presents with a suspected pneumothorax, immediate ______ assessment is crucial.

<p>breath sounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

In patients with tuberculosis, it is vital to monitor for ______ reactions from medications used in treatment.

<p>adverse</p> Signup and view all the answers

Patients are advised to perform deep breathing exercises to prevent ______ when recovering from a thoracotomy.

<p>atelectasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

V/Q Mismatch can result in inadequate ______ exchange.

<p>gas</p> Signup and view all the answers

For pneumonia patients, positioning them in a high-______ position can help improve oxygenation.

<p>fowler</p> Signup and view all the answers

Management of pleural effusion often involves procedures like ______.

<p>thoracentesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Tuberculosis screening often requires a ______ test or chest X-ray.

<p>skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

In cases of pneumothorax, a key implication is the risk of ______ collapse.

<p>lung</p> Signup and view all the answers

In ARDS, fluid in the alveoli hinders ______ exchange.

<p>oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

Patients with COPD should maintain a normal SpO2 of ______ to ______ percent.

<p>88</p> Signup and view all the answers

A ______ is a condition where air escapes into the pleural space causing lung collapse.

<p>pneumothorax</p> Signup and view all the answers

When managing a pleural effusion, a ______ is used to remove excess fluid from the pleural space.

<p>thoracentesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Patients with tuberculosis should be screened using a ______ test to identify exposure to the bacteria.

<p>tuberculin</p> Signup and view all the answers

In cases of pneumothorax, the Medialstinum may shift due to increased pressure in the ______ space.

<p>pleural</p> Signup and view all the answers

When positioning a patient for pneumonia, it is important to have them in an ______ position to enhance lung expansion.

<p>upright</p> Signup and view all the answers

During a tension pneumothorax, air cannot leave the pleural space, leading to ______ of the lungs.

<p>compression</p> Signup and view all the answers

In managing pneumothorax, a three-way dressing is used to prevent ______ exchange.

<p>air</p> Signup and view all the answers

Signs and symptoms of a pneumothorax include sharp chest pain, ______, and tachycardia.

<p>shortness of breath</p> Signup and view all the answers

To maintain airway patency in semiconscious patients, a ______ airway may be used.

<p>nasopharyngeal</p> Signup and view all the answers

For patients with complications from ______, medical interventions such as chest tubes may be needed.

<p>pneumothorax</p> Signup and view all the answers

Prothrombin Time (PT) assesses how fast blood ______.

<p>clots</p> Signup and view all the answers

The INR level helps determine the amount of ______ prescribed to patients.

<p>warfarin</p> Signup and view all the answers

Intravascular fluid is the fluid located inside a ______ vessel.

<p>blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hypotonic solutions cause water to enter the ______, potentially leading to edema.

<p>cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

In cases of metabolic alkalosis, potassium (K) levels are typically ______.

<p>low</p> Signup and view all the answers

For patients with severe edema, colloid solutions help move fluid from ______ to intravascular compartments.

<p>interstitial</p> Signup and view all the answers

Heparin's antidote is ______ sulfate.

<p>protamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

Patients who are NPO due to GI issues should be assessed for adequate ______ intake.

<p>fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pus in the pleural cavity is known as ______.

<p>Empyema</p> Signup and view all the answers

A common treatment for asthma includes administering ______ and steroids.

<p>bronchodilators</p> Signup and view all the answers

In patients with COPD, it is recommended to maintain a SpO2 level between ______ and 92 percent.

<p>88</p> Signup and view all the answers

The early sign of cerebral ______ is restlessness and irritability.

<p>hypoxia</p> Signup and view all the answers

Droplet precautions include wearing gloves, gown, a face mask, and an ______.

<p>eye shield</p> Signup and view all the answers

Patients with ______ should avoid morphine because it can exacerbate symptoms.

<p>asthma</p> Signup and view all the answers

Airborne precautions require N95 masks and standard ______.

<p>precautions</p> Signup and view all the answers

In cases of ARDS, fluid in the alveoli severely inhibits ______ exchange.

<p>oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

Drug therapy typically lasts for ______ months or longer.

<p>6</p> Signup and view all the answers

A ______ pneumothorax allows air to circulate freely into the pleural space.

<p>open</p> Signup and view all the answers

Signs and symptoms of a pneumothorax include sharp chest pain, shortness of breath (SOB), ______, tachycardia, tachypnea, and hypotension.

<p>cyanosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a myocardial infarction (MI), the ECG shows ______ elevation.

<p>ST</p> Signup and view all the answers

The mnemonic MONA stands for Morphine, Oxygen, ______, and Aspirin for myocardial infarction treatment.

<p>Nitroglycerin</p> Signup and view all the answers

The presence of a ______ rub indicates pericarditis, which is the inflammation of the outer layer of the heart.

<p>friction</p> Signup and view all the answers

In heart failure, blood may back up into the lungs if it is ______ sided heart failure.

<p>left</p> Signup and view all the answers

For active angina, it is crucial to have the patient rest, take vitals, perform an ECG, and administer no more than ______ nitroglycerin tablets 5 minutes apart.

<p>3</p> Signup and view all the answers

Beck's Triad is a set of signs for cardiac tamponade, which includes hypotension, JVD, and ______ heart sounds.

<p>muffled</p> Signup and view all the answers

The nasopharyngeal ______ is a tube-like device used to maintain upper airway patency.

<p>airway</p> Signup and view all the answers

PT measures how fast blood ______.

<p>clots</p> Signup and view all the answers

The INR level is especially important for patients taking ______.

<p>warfarin</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hypotonic solutions cause water to enter the cells, potentially leading to ______.

<p>edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

Colloid solutions help move fluid from interstitial to ______ compartments.

<p>intravascular</p> Signup and view all the answers

Antidote for heparin is ______ sulfate.

<p>protamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

Elevated potassium (K) levels may indicate ______.

<p>acidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Beta 1 receptors are predominantly found in the ______.

<p>heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

Patients should consume 2-3L of ______ per day.

<p>fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

In respiratory infections, the abbreviation M stands for ______ resistant organism.

<p>multidrug</p> Signup and view all the answers

Patients with skin infections may be affected by ______ simplex, which can cause lesions.

<p>herpes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sepsis is included in the ______ mnemonic representing systemic infections.

<p>Spiderman</p> Signup and view all the answers

In cases of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS), the first sign to watch for is increased ______.

<p>respirations</p> Signup and view all the answers

During an asthma attack, patients may experience difficulty in ______ due to airway constriction.

<p>breathing</p> Signup and view all the answers

Patients with COPD should maintain a normal SpO2 level between ______ and 92 percent.

<p>88</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pus in the pleural cavity is referred to as ______.

<p>empyema</p> Signup and view all the answers

Droplet precautions include utilizing gloves, a gown, a face mask, and an ______.

<p>eye shield</p> Signup and view all the answers

Rifapentine may cause orange colored body ______ and should be taken with meals.

<p>secretions</p> Signup and view all the answers

A tension pneumothorax is characterized by air that cannot leave the pleural ______, leading to lung compression.

<p>space</p> Signup and view all the answers

The main indicator of pericarditis is the presence of a friction ______.

<p>rub</p> Signup and view all the answers

For myocardial infarction, the mnemonic MONA stands for Morphine, Oxygen, Nitroglycerine, and ______.

<p>Aspirin</p> Signup and view all the answers

In right-sided heart failure, symptoms may include peripheral ______, jugular venous distention (JVD), and hepatomegaly.

<p>edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

Signs and symptoms of myocardial infarction include severe chest pain, dyspnea, and ______.

<p>diaphoresis</p> Signup and view all the answers

The three-way ______ is used in pneumothorax management to prevent air from entering the pleural space.

<p>dressing</p> Signup and view all the answers

Blood flow through the heart follows this sequence: Tricuspid → Pulmonic → Mitral → ______.

<p>Aortic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Patients with Prinzmetal's angina experience chest pain that occurs at rest, usually at night or in the ______ morning.

<p>early</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cardiac tamponade is a medical ______ where fluid in the pericardium creates pressure on the heart.

<p>emergency</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

PT (Prothrombin Time)

A blood test measuring how quickly blood clots.

INR

Lab used to monitor warfarin therapy to adjust dosage.

Warfarin

Blood thinner, measures clotting speed using the extrinsic pathway.

PTT (Partial Thromboplastin Time)

Lab used to assess blood-thinning therapy (heparin).

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Intracellular fluid

Fluid inside cells.

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Extracellular fluid

Fluid outside cells, including interstitial fluid, blood, and connective tissue.

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Intravascular fluid

Fluid within blood vessels.

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Isotonic solution

Fluid with no osmotic pressure; cells maintain the same size.

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Hypotonic solution

Fluid causing water to enter cells, potentially causing swelling.

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Hypertonic solution

Fluid drawing water out of cells, potentially causing shrinking.

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Colloid solution

Fluid moving from interstitial to intravascular compartment.

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Beta 1 receptors

Found in the heart.

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Beta 2 receptors

Found in the lungs.

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Metabolic Acidosis

Acid buildup in the body, often from diarrhea.

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Metabolic Alkalosis

Too much bicarbonate or loss of acid from the body, often from vomiting.

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Acid-Base Imbalance and Potassium

In alkalosis, potassium is LOW, and in acidosis, potassium is HIGH.

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Heparin antidote

Protamine sulfate.

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Warfarin antidote

Vitamin K.

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NPO

Nothing by mouth.

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Multidrug-Resistant Organism (MDRO)

A bacteria that is resistant to many different antibiotics.

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Skin Infection

Infections like herpes, impetigo, and scabies affecting the skin.

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Wound Infection

An infection that develops in a wound.

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Respiratory Infection

An infection affecting the lungs or airways.

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Enteric Infection

An infection affecting the intestines.

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Eye Infection

An infection affecting the eye.

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Droplet Precautions

Infection control measures for diseases spread through droplets.

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Gloves, Gown, Mask, Eye Shield

Personal protective equipment used during droplet precautions.

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Sepsis

Body-wide inflammatory response to an infection.

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Airborne Precautions

Infection control measures for diseases spread through the air.

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N95 Mask

High-filtration respirator for airborne precautions.

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Cerebral Hypoxia

Lack of oxygen to the brain.

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COPD

Lung disease characterized by bronchospasm and shortness of breath.

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Asthma

Lung disease causing narrowed airways and increased mucus.

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Restlessness and Irritability

Early signs of cerebral hypoxia.

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Bronchitis

Inflamed bronchioles, increased mucus.

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ARDS

Fluid buildup in the lungs, causing difficulty breathing.

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Empyema

Pus in the pleural cavity.

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Emphysema

Destruction of alveoli, often seen in COPD.

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Pneumothorax

Lung collapse caused by air trapped in the pleural space, the space between the lungs and chest wall.

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Open Pneumothorax

Air freely circulates into the pleural space.

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Closed Pneumothorax

Air in the pleural space does not increase.

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Tension Pneumothorax

Air trapped in the pleural space, unable to escape, compressing the lung and shifting the mediastinum.

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Nasopharyngeal Airway

Tube-like device used to maintain upper airway patency in alert or semiconscious patients.

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Blood Flow Pathway

Tricuspid, Pulmonic, Mitral, Aortic.

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Heart Sound Listening

Use 'APE to Man' to remember locations of heart valve sounds.

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Unstable Angina

Minor occlusion of coronary artery, causing chest pain, usually relieved by meds.

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NSTEMI

Partial coronary artery occlusion leading to heart muscle damage and ischemia.

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STEMI

Complete coronary artery occlusion causing heart muscle infarction.

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Angina

Chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart.

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Prinzmetal's Angina (Variant Angina)

Chest pain at rest, usually nighttime, triggered by stress, cold, smoking, or meds.

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Myocardial Infarction (MI)

Blood flow blockage to the heart, ST elevation on ECG (important test)

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MONA (MI treatment)

Morphine, Oxygen, Nitroglycerin, Aspirin.

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Heart Failure

Heart unable to pump effectively, leading to blood backing up in lungs or body.

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Right-sided Heart Failure

Fluid backup in body due to left ventricular failure, causing systemic edema.

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Left-sided Heart Failure

Fluid backup in lungs, causing shortness of breath and coughing.

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Cardiac Tamponade

Fluid buildup in the pericardium, creating pressure and hindering heart function

Signup and view all the flashcards

Pericarditis

Inflammation of the outer layer of the heart.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Beck's Triad

Hypotension, JVD, muffled heart sounds, indicative of cardiac tamponade.

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Multidrug-Resistant Organism (MDRO)

A bacteria resistant to many antibiotics.

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Respiratory Infection

An infection affecting the lungs or airways.

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Skin Infection

Infections like herpes, impetigo, and scabies affecting the skin.

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Wound Infection

An infection developing in a wound.

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Enteric Infection

Infection affecting the intestines.

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Eye Infection

Infection affecting the eye.

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Droplet Precautions

Infection control measures for diseases spread by droplets.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Gloves, Gown, Mask, Eye Shield

Personal protective equipment used during droplet precautions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Sepsis

Body-wide inflammatory response to an infection.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Airborne Precautions

Infection control measures for diseases spread through the air.

Signup and view all the flashcards

N95 Mask

High-filtration respirator for airborne precautions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cerebral Hypoxia

Lack of oxygen to the brain.

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Restlessness and Irritability

Early signs of cerebral hypoxia.

Signup and view all the flashcards

COPD

Lung disease characterized by bronchospasm and shortness of breath.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Asthma

Lung disease causing narrowed airways and increased mucus.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Bronchitis

Inflamed bronchioles, increased mucus.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Emphysema

Destruction of alveoli, often seen in COPD.

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ARDS

Fluid buildup in the lungs, causing difficulty breathing.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Empyema

Pus in the pleural cavity.

Signup and view all the flashcards

PT (Prothrombin Time)

A blood test that measures how quickly blood clots.

Signup and view all the flashcards

INR

A lab test used to monitor warfarin therapy and adjust the dosage.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Warfarin

A blood thinner that measures clotting speed using the extrinsic pathway.

Signup and view all the flashcards

PTT (Partial Thromboplastin Time)

A lab test assessing the effectiveness of heparin therapy.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Intracellular fluid

Fluid found inside cells.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Extracellular fluid

Fluid found outside cells, including interstitial fluid, blood, and connective tissues.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Intravascular fluid

Fluid within blood vessels.

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Isotonic solution

A solution with no osmotic pressure; cells maintain their normal size.

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Hypotonic solution

A solution that causes water to enter cells, potentially causing swelling.

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Hypertonic solution

A solution that draws water out of cells, potentially causing shrinking.

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Colloid solution

A solution where fluid moves from the interstitial space to blood vessels.

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Beta 1 receptors

Located in the heart.

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Beta 2 receptors

Located in the lungs.

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Metabolic Acidosis

Acid buildup in the body, often from diarrhea.

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Metabolic Alkalosis

Too much bicarbonate or loss of acid from the body, often from vomiting.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Acid-Base Imbalance and Potassium

In alkalosis, potassium is low, and in acidosis, potassium is high.

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Heparin antidote

Protamine sulfate.

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Warfarin antidote

Vitamin K.

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NPO

Nothing by mouth.

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Rifapentine (Prifin)

A medication that may cause orange-colored body secretions, and should be taken with meals.

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Pneumothorax

Lung collapse due to air in the pleural space (between the lungs and chest wall).

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Open Pneumothorax

Air freely circulates into the pleural space.

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Closed Pneumothorax

Air in the pleural space doesn't increase.

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Tension Pneumothorax

Air trapped in the pleural space, unable to escape, compresses the lung.

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Nasopharyngeal Airway

Tube-like device used to maintain upper airway patency in alert or semiconscious patients.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Blood Flow Pathway

Tricuspid → Pulmonic → Mitral → Aortic.

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Heart Sound Listening

Use 'APE to Man' to remember locations of heart valve sounds.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Unstable Angina

Minor coronary artery occlusion, chest pain that's relieved by medication.

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NSTEMI

Partial coronary artery occlusion, leading to heart muscle damage and ischemia.

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STEMI

Complete coronary artery occlusion causing heart muscle infarction.

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Angina

Chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart.

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Prinzmetal's Angina

Chest pain at rest, usually nighttime, triggered by stress, cold, smoking, or meds.

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Myocardial Infarction (MI)

Blood flow blockage to the heart, ST elevation on ECG (important test).

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MONA

Morphine, Oxygen, Nitroglycerin, Aspirin (MI treatment).

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Heart Failure

Heart unable to pump effectively, leading to blood backing up in lungs or body.

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Right-sided Heart Failure

Fluid backup in the body due to left ventricular failure, causing systemic edema.

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Left-sided Heart Failure

Fluid backup in the lungs, causing shortness of breath and coughing.

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Cardiac Tamponade

Fluid buildup in the pericardium, creating pressure and hindering heart function.

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Pericarditis

Inflammation of the outer layer of the heart.

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Beck's Triad

Hypotension, JVD, muffled heart sounds, indicative of cardiac tamponade.

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PT (Prothrombin Time)

Blood test measuring how quickly blood clots, dependent on vitamin K for clot production.

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INR

Lab test monitoring warfarin dosage in patients taking the medication.

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Warfarin

Blood thinner; measures clotting speed via extrinsic pathway.

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PTT (Partial Thromboplastin Time)

Lab test to assess effectiveness of heparin therapy.

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Intracellular fluid

Fluid inside cells.

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Extracellular fluid

Fluid outside of cells, including interstitial fluid, connective tissue, and blood.

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Intravascular fluid

Fluid inside blood vessels.

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Isotonic solution

No osmotic pressure; cells maintain same size.

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Hypotonic solution

Water enters cells, potentially causing swelling.

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Hypertonic solution

Water removed from cells, potentially causing shrinking.

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Colloid solution

Fluid moves from interstitial to intravascular compartment, given in severe hypovolemia.

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Beta 1 receptors

Found in the heart.

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Beta 2 receptors

Found in the lungs.

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Metabolic Acidosis

Acid buildup in body, often from diarrhea.

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Metabolic Alkalosis

Too much bicarbonate or loss of acid from body, often from vomiting.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Acid-Base Imbalance and Potassium

Alkalosis = low potassium; Acidosis = high potassium.

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Heparin antidote

Protamine sulfate.

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Warfarin antidote

Vitamin K.

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NPO

Nothing by mouth.

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Multidrug-Resistant Organism (MDRO)

A bacteria resistant to multiple antibiotics.

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Respiratory Infection

Infection affecting the lungs or airways.

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Skin Infection

Infections like herpes, impetigo, and scabies affecting the skin.

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Wound Infection

Infection developing in a wound.

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Enteric Infection

Infection affecting the intestines.

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Eye Infection

Infection affecting the eye.

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Droplet Precautions

Infection control measures for diseases spread by droplets.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Gloves, Gown, Mask, Eye Shield

Personal protective equipment used during droplet precautions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Sepsis

Body-wide inflammatory response to an infection.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Airborne Precautions

Infection control measures for diseases spread through the air.

Signup and view all the flashcards

N95 Mask

High-filtration respirator for airborne precautions.

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Cerebral Hypoxia

Lack of oxygen to the brain.

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Restlessness and Irritability

Early signs of cerebral hypoxia.

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COPD

Lung disease characterized by bronchospasm, shortness of breath.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Asthma

Lung disease causing narrowed airways, increased mucus.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Bronchitis

Inflamed bronchioles, increased mucus.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Emphysema

Destruction of alveoli, common in COPD.

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ARDS

Fluid buildup in the lungs, causing difficulty breathing.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Empyema

Pus in the pleural cavity.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Rifapentine (Prifin)

A medication that can cause orange-colored body secretions and should be taken with meals.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Pneumothorax

Lung collapse due to air in the pleural space, which is the space between the lungs and chest wall.

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Open Pneumothorax

Air freely circulates into the pleural space.

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Closed Pneumothorax

Air in the pleural space does not increase.

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Tension Pneumothorax

Air trapped in the pleural space, unable to escape, compressing the lung and shifting the mediastinum.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Nasopharyngeal Airway

Tube-like device used to maintain upper airway patency in alert or semiconscious patients.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Blood Flow Pathway

Tricuspid, Pulmonic, Mitral, Aortic.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Heart Sound Listening

Use 'APE to Man' to remember locations of heart valve sounds.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Unstable Angina

Minor occlusion of coronary artery. Causes chest pain, usually relieved by meds.

Signup and view all the flashcards

NSTEMI

Partial coronary artery occlusion. Leads to heart muscle damage and ischemia.

Signup and view all the flashcards

STEMI

Complete coronary artery occlusion. Causes heart muscle infarction.

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Angina

Chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart.

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Prinzmetal's Angina

Chest pain at rest, usually nighttime, triggered by stress, cold, smoking, or meds.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Myocardial Infarction (MI)

Blood flow blockage to the heart, ST elevation on ECG.

Signup and view all the flashcards

MONA (MI treatment)

Morphine, Oxygen, Nitroglycerin, Aspirin.

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Heart Failure

Heart unable to pump effectively. Leads to blood backing up in lungs or body.

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Right-sided Heart Failure

Fluid backup in body due to left ventricular failure.

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Left-sided Heart Failure

Fluid backup in lungs.

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Cardiac Tamponade

Fluid buildup in the pericardium. Creates pressure and hinders heart function.

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Pericarditis

Inflammation of the outer layer of the heart.

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Beck's Triad

Hypotension, JVD, muffled heart sounds.

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Study Notes

Blood Tests

  • PT (Prothrombin Time): Assesses how quickly blood clots. Dependent on vitamin K, produced by the liver. High levels can be caused by vitamin K deficiency, cancer, or liver disease.
  • INR (International Normalized Ratio): Lab used for patients taking warfarin, to determine the appropriate dose of warfarin.
  • PTT (Partial Thromboplastin Time): Measures the speed of clotting using the extrinsic pathway. Lab used to assess if blood-thinning therapy, such as heparin, is working.

Body Fluids

  • Intracellular Fluid: Fluid inside cells.
  • Extracellular Fluid: Fluid outside cells, including interstitial fluid, connective tissues, bones, and blood.
  • Intravascular Fluid: Fluid within blood vessels.
  • Isotonic Solutions: No osmotic pressure; cells retain their same size. Examples include 0.9% NS (normal saline), Lactated Ringers, and D5W (5% dextrose in water).
  • Hypotonic Solutions: Water enters cells; potentially causing edema. Examples include 0.45% NS and 0.33% NS.
  • Hypertonic Solutions: Water is removed from cells. Examples include 3% and 5% NS, D5W with 1/2 NS, and D10W (10% dextrose in water).
  • Colloids: Fluid moves from interstitial to intravascular space; given for severe hypovolemia. Examples include Albumin and Dextran.

Electrolyte Relationships

  • Inverse Relationships: Sodium and Potassium, Phosphorus and Magnesium, Calcium and Phosphorus.
  • Similar Relationships: Potassium and Magnesium, Calcium and Vitamin D, Magnesium and Calcium.

Acid-Base Balance

  • Acidosis: Low pH; often associated with high potassium.
  • Alkalosis: High pH; often associated with low potassium.
  • Hyperventilation: Increases the chance of respiratory alkalosis due to increased carbon dioxide in the blood.
  • Metabolic Alkalosis: Excess bicarbonate or loss of acid in blood.
  • Metabolic Acidosis: Excess acid or loss of bicarbonate in blood.
  • Antidotes: Heparin-> Protamine Sulfate, Warfarin-> Vitamin K, Potassium-> Insulin, Kayexalate, Magnesium Sulfate -> Calcium Gluconate, Tylenol-> Mucomyst, Opiates-> Narcan, Narcotics-> Narcan, Digoxin-> Digiband, Insulin-> Glucose, Cholinergic crisis-> Atropine and oximes, Iron-> Deferoxamine, Beta Blockers-> Glucagon, TPA->Aminocaproic acid, Benzodiazepines-> Romazicon.

Important Information

  • NPO (Nothing by mouth): Anytime there is a Gl issue.
  • Fluid needs: 2-3 liters of fluid per day in some cases
  • Med Timing: Give meds one hour before or two hours after meals
  • Neurological patients: Maintain head of bed at 30-45 degrees.
  • Post-surgical Monitoring: Monitor for bleeding and infection first 24 & 48 hrs, respectively.
  • Daily Weights: Important in patients with fluid problems
  • Electrolyte Imbalances: Monitor patients with vomiting and diarrhea for electrolyte imbalances

General Nursing

  • ABC's: Airway, Breathing, Circulation
  • Maslow's Hierarchy - a five-level model of human needs, with basic needs (physiological, safety) at the bottom.
  • Fire Safety RACE - rescue, alarm, contain, extinguish.
  • Primary Prevention: Educating on first aid.
  • Secondary Prevention: Emergency department, triage & treatment for injuries.
  • Tertiary Prevention: Follow-up care for recovery & complications after injuries.
  • Nursing Process: Assessing, Diagnosing, Outcome/Planning, Implementing ,and Evaluating.

Patient Positioning

  • Epidural puncture: Side-lying or lateral recumbent fetal position
  • Lumbar puncture: Lateral recumbent fetal position, followed by supine to prevent headache.
  • Pulmonary embolism: Left side-lying position
  • Shortness of breath: High Fowlers
  • Lung biopsy: Side-lying with arms elevated.
  • Chest tube insertion: Arm raised above head
  • NG tube: Right side-lying for emptying stomach; prevent aspiration.
  • Dumping syndrome: Low Fowlers position
  • Thyroidectomy: Low semi-Fowler's position.
  • Myringotomy: affected ear down
  • Cataract surgery: unaffected side
  • Continuous Bladder Irrigation: Leg straight.
  • Internal Radiation: Bedrest while implant in place
  • Heat Stroke: Flat with legs elevated
  • Total Hip Replacement: Sleep on unaffected side; hip abducted
  • Buck's Traction: Elevate foot of bed for counter traction.
  • Knee & Hip Amputations: Position prone daily for hip extension and elevate for 24 hrs
  • Back Pain: William's position; side-lying position
  • Myocardial Infarction: Semi-Fowler's
  • Autonomic Dysreflexia: Elevate the head of the bed 30 degrees
  • Head Injury: Elevate HOB 30 degrees; to decrease intracranial pressure
  • Supratentorial Surgery: Elevate HOB 30-45 degrees
  • Infratentorial Surgery: Lay flat and lateral on either side
  • Enema Administration: Left side laying/Sim's position
  • Appendicectomy: Right side laying with leg flexed

Diagnostic Signs/Tests

  • Allen's Test: Tests radial and ulnar artery blood flow to the hand
  • Cullen's Sign: Ecchymosis around the umbilicus; pancreatitis
  • Turner's Sign: Grayish/blue ecchymosis on flanks; pancreatitis
  • Murphy's Sign: Pain with palpation of the gallbladder (cholecystitis)
  • McBurney's Point: RLQ pain, indicative of appendicitis.

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Description

This quiz covers essential blood tests including PT, INR, and PTT, and their significance in assessing clotting factors. It also explores various body fluids, their locations, and the characteristics of isotonic and hypotonic solutions. Ideal for health science students or anyone interested in human biology.

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