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Questions and Answers
What is the typical range for systolic blood pressure?
What is the typical range for systolic blood pressure?
Which condition is characterized by a reading below 95% on a pulse oximeter?
Which condition is characterized by a reading below 95% on a pulse oximeter?
What does a diastolic blood pressure reading of 80 mmHg indicate?
What does a diastolic blood pressure reading of 80 mmHg indicate?
What term describes fast breathing, defined as greater than 20 breaths/min?
What term describes fast breathing, defined as greater than 20 breaths/min?
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What is the typical clinical consequence of untreated hypertension?
What is the typical clinical consequence of untreated hypertension?
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What is the primary reason that antibiotics are ineffective against viral infections?
What is the primary reason that antibiotics are ineffective against viral infections?
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Which of the following conditions can be caused by fungi?
Which of the following conditions can be caused by fungi?
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What is the term used for a person who carries an infection but displays no symptoms?
What is the term used for a person who carries an infection but displays no symptoms?
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Which type of protozoa are characterized by having a flagella?
Which type of protozoa are characterized by having a flagella?
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Which of the following is NOT a component of the chain of infection?
Which of the following is NOT a component of the chain of infection?
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What do you call a site where infectious organisms remain alive and multiply?
What do you call a site where infectious organisms remain alive and multiply?
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What type of transmission involves inhaling droplets evaporated from an infected person's sneeze?
What type of transmission involves inhaling droplets evaporated from an infected person's sneeze?
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Which of the following is a common form of fungal infection?
Which of the following is a common form of fungal infection?
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What is considered a normal oral temperature for an adult?
What is considered a normal oral temperature for an adult?
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Which of the following conditions would likely cause audible breathing?
Which of the following conditions would likely cause audible breathing?
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What is the normal pulse rate for an adult?
What is the normal pulse rate for an adult?
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Which factor does NOT affect body temperature?
Which factor does NOT affect body temperature?
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Which pulse point is considered the best for measuring pulse?
Which pulse point is considered the best for measuring pulse?
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What does bradypnea indicate?
What does bradypnea indicate?
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What is the most reliable method for measuring core body temperature?
What is the most reliable method for measuring core body temperature?
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If a patient is losing blood, what change in vital signs would you expect?
If a patient is losing blood, what change in vital signs would you expect?
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Which category of diseases includes old diseases that are recurring due to mutations?
Which category of diseases includes old diseases that are recurring due to mutations?
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What is the most common site of nosocomial infection?
What is the most common site of nosocomial infection?
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Which of the following is a condition that can increase the risk of nosocomial infections?
Which of the following is a condition that can increase the risk of nosocomial infections?
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What is a potential effect of Hepatitis B on the body?
What is a potential effect of Hepatitis B on the body?
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Which organization is known for providing the most complete information about infectious disease in the U.S.?
Which organization is known for providing the most complete information about infectious disease in the U.S.?
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Which type of nosocomial infection is specifically caused by a physician?
Which type of nosocomial infection is specifically caused by a physician?
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What type of mask should healthcare workers use when treating patients with tuberculosis?
What type of mask should healthcare workers use when treating patients with tuberculosis?
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What is the primary characteristic of emerging diseases?
What is the primary characteristic of emerging diseases?
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What is the primary goal of Standard Precautions?
What is the primary goal of Standard Precautions?
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Which of the following methods is classified under Asepsis?
Which of the following methods is classified under Asepsis?
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What is the correct procedure for handling contaminated linens?
What is the correct procedure for handling contaminated linens?
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Which of the following is an example of a bacteriocidal agent?
Which of the following is an example of a bacteriocidal agent?
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What should be done with used needles and syringes?
What should be done with used needles and syringes?
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Reverse Isolation is primarily used for which group of patients?
Reverse Isolation is primarily used for which group of patients?
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What should be done to properly clean blood spills in a hospital setting?
What should be done to properly clean blood spills in a hospital setting?
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What is the primary characteristic of a bacteriostatic agent?
What is the primary characteristic of a bacteriostatic agent?
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What is the primary purpose of patient skin preparation for invasive procedures?
What is the primary purpose of patient skin preparation for invasive procedures?
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How should antiseptic solution be applied to the skin?
How should antiseptic solution be applied to the skin?
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What is a sterile field?
What is a sterile field?
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Which of the following actions is part of adding liquids to a sterile field?
Which of the following actions is part of adding liquids to a sterile field?
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What differentiates aseptic technique from antiseptic technique?
What differentiates aseptic technique from antiseptic technique?
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What is the first step in performing a dressing change?
What is the first step in performing a dressing change?
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Which of the following statements about sterile technique is true?
Which of the following statements about sterile technique is true?
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What should be done with sharps after a procedure?
What should be done with sharps after a procedure?
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Study Notes
Infection Control Concepts
- Infection control is crucial for patient safety and staff well-being.
- Pathogens are microorganisms that cause disease.
- Pathogens can multiply rapidly and cause damage through exotoxins.
- Normal flora in the body are usually harmless.
Types of Pathogens
- Bacteria:
- Classified by shape (cocci, bacilli, spirilla).
- Can mutate and be treated with antibiotics.
- Common infections include strep throat, tuberculosis, flesh-eating bacteria and food poisoning.
- Viruses:
- Rely on host cells for survival and reproduction.
- Have a protein coat surrounding their genetic material (DNA or RNA).
- Can mutate rapidly, limiting antiviral drug effectiveness.
- Examples include the common cold, flu, and chickenpox.
- Fungi:
- Can have two forms (yeast and mold).
- Can cause various infections, especially in circulatory and lymphatic systems.
- Common fungal infections include athlete's foot and ringworm.
- Protozoa (parasites):
- Classified by motility (amoeboid, flagella, cilia, sporozoans).
- Common types in the GI tract include worms (helminths).
- Prions:
- Least understood pathogens.
- Linked to diseases like mad cow disease.
Bacteria Morphology
- Classified by their shape: spherical (cocci), rod-shaped (bacilli), or spiral (spirilla).
Chain of Infection
- Microorganism (bacteria, virus, fungus, parasite)
- Reservoir (human, animal, inanimate objects, water)
- Exit Portal (secretions, excretions, wounds)
- Mode of Transmission (contact, droplet, airborne, vector, fomites)
- Entry Portal (mucous membranes/wounds)
- Susceptible Host (young, elderly, immunocompromised)
Modes of Transmission
- Direct (touch, droplet)
- Indirect (fomites, vectors, airborne)
- Airborne transmission occurs when microbes remain suspended in the air or carried on dust particles.
- Droplet transmission occurs via droplets expelled from an infected person through actions like coughing or sneezing.
- Contact transmission occurs through direct or indirect contact with contaminated objects or surfaces.
Infection Control Methods
- Standard Precautions: Assumes all patients may be infected and are designed to prevent the transmission of pathogens. Use gloves, gowns, masks and other personal protective equipment.
- Protective Barriers: Wearing gloves, gowns, masks, and eye protection to mitigate the infection risk from contacting bodily fluids, tissues, or contaminated materials.
- Disinfectants and Antiseptics: Chemical agents used to destroy or inhibit pathogens.
- Housekeeping: Includes proper cleaning protocols and using disinfectants or bleach solutions to decontaminate surfaces.
Nosocomial Infections
- Hospital-acquired infections.
- Iatrogenic infections (physician-caused).
- Idiopathic infections (unknown causes).
- Factors contributing to nosocomial infections include age, heredity, and nutritional status.
- Common infection sites include urinary tract and surgical wounds.
Bloodborne Pathogens
- HIV and Hepatitis B (HBV) are the most common.
- Healthcare workers must take proper precautions to prevent accidental needle sticks.
Asepsis
- Medical asepsis reduces the number of infectious agents, while surgical asepsis eliminates them to prevent contamination and infections.
- Surgical scrubbing/handwashing is vital in reducing potential pathogens on hands and forearms
Patient Prep and Sterile Field
- Proper skin preparation minimizes the introduction of pathogens.
- A sterile field is a microorganism-free area for surgical procedures.
Vital Signs
- Temperature: Measures the body's core temperature.
- Pulse: Measures the heart rate.
- Respiration: Measures the breathing rate.
- Blood Pressure: Measures the pressure of blood against artery walls, providing information on blood circulation.
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Description
Test your knowledge on blood pressure readings and respiratory conditions with this quiz. It covers essential concepts such as systolic and diastolic measurements, pulse oximetry, and the implications of hypertension. Perfect for students and health professionals alike!