Blood Physiology Quiz

False (B)

ADP and thromboxane A2

<p>activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Contracting fibrin threads to tighten the clot (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ADP = Causes platelet activation and aggregation Thromboxane A2 = Causes vasoconstriction of blood vessels PDGF = Promotes repair of damaged blood vessels 5-HT (Serotonin) = Causes vasoconstriction of blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vasoconstriction, platelet plug formation, coagulation of blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Water (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Albumin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carbon dioxide (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Albumin = Maintains osmotic pressure Globulins = Acts as antibodies Fibrinogen = Essential for blood coagulation Electrolytes = Involved in muscle contractions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are essential for coagulation of blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transport gas, mainly oxygen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Biconcave discs</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>120</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oxygen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Haemoglobin = Oxygen transport Transferrin = Iron transport in blood Erythrocyte = Gas exchange Liver = Iron storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>four</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Serotonin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Formation of platelet plug</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>thrombolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neutrophils, monocytes, and platelets (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Group A = Contains ß antibody Group B = Contains α antibody Group AB = No antibodies Group O = Universal donor</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ABO system and Rh system</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>O (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>D antigen</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>anti D</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antibody of the donor and antigen of the recipient (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It has no antigens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>O group = Universal donor AB group = Universal recipient Rh positive = Has D antigen Rh negative = Lacks D antigen</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>recipient</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oxyhaemoglobin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Erythropoietin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Erythropoiesis = Process of red blood cell formation Hypoxia = Deficient oxygen supply to tissues Bilirubin = Yellow pigment resulting from hem breakdown Haemolysis = Breakdown of red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypoxia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Producing erythropoietin</p> Signup and view all the answers

Blood is a fluid connective tissue that continuously circulates throughout the body, driven by the heart's pumping action.

Plasma is the clear, straw-colored fluid component of blood, primarily composed of water (90-92%).

Plasma proteins are a significant component of plasma, encompassing about 7% of its volume. They are too large to pass through capillary walls and play crucial roles in blood volume regulation and carrying substances.

Albumin, the most abundant plasma protein, is crucial for maintaining normal osmotic pressure, which directly impacts fluid balance within the body.

Globulins are essential for fighting infections, transporting hormones and minerals, and inhibiting certain enzymes.

Clotting factors are substances vital for blood clotting. When these factors are removed from plasma, the remaining fluid is called serum.

Fibrinogen, a key protein in blood clotting, is synthesized in the liver.

Inorganic salts (electrolytes) are essential for various bodily functions, including muscle contractions, nerve impulses, and maintaining acid-base balance.

Red blood cells are disc-shaped cells that carry oxygen throughout the body.

Erythrocytes are biconcave, meaning they have a flattened, disc-like shape with a depressed center. This increases their surface area for efficient gas exchange.

Erythrocytes lack a nucleus, which allows for more space to carry oxygen and makes them more flexible to navigate through narrow blood vessels.

Haemoglobin is a protein found in red blood cells that binds and carries oxygen.

Haemoglobin binds to oxygen, forming oxyhaemoglobin, allowing for the transport of oxygen throughout the body.

Blood rich in oxygen is bright red due to the presence of oxyhaemoglobin.

Blood low in oxygen is darker, appearing bluish, because it contains less oxyhaemoglobin.

Active tissues release acidic waste products, which increase the breakdown of oxyhaemoglobin, releasing more oxygen to those tissues.

The process of red blood cell production, involving their origin, development, and maturation. It occurs primarily in the bone marrow.

The primary stimulus for erythropoiesis; it's a state of deficient oxygen supply to body cells.

A hormone primarily produced by the kidneys that stimulates erythropoiesis.

The breakdown of red blood cells, primarily carried out by phagocytic reticuloendothelial cells in the spleen, bone marrow, and liver.

A green pigment formed from heme (a component of hemoglobin) during hemolysis. It is almost completely reduced to bilirubin.

A yellow pigment formed from biliverdin during hemolysis. It is transported to the liver and excreted as a component of bile.

The process of red blood cells binding with oxygen in the lungs. It is favored by lower temperatures and higher oxygen concentrations.

The release of oxygen from oxyhemoglobin in tissues. It is favored by higher temperatures and lower oxygen concentrations.

The clumping together of platelets, caused by platelet agglutinins.

The process by which platelets form a temporary plug to seal a damaged blood vessel.

Platelets secrete serotonin, which constricts blood vessels, reducing blood loss.

Platelets stick to exposed collagen in damaged blood vessels, initiating the clotting cascade.

Contractile proteins in platelets, such as actin, myosin, and thrombosthenin, cause clot retraction.

Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) helps repair damaged blood vessels, promoting healing.

Platelets encircle foreign bodies, engulfing and destroying them through phagocytosis.

The process of stopping bleeding, involving three stages: vasoconstriction, platelet plug formation, and blood coagulation.

Blood group O individuals lack both A and B antigens on their red blood cells, but have both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in their plasma.

Individuals with blood group AB possess both A and B antigens on their red blood cells and have no antibodies in their plasma.

Rh-positive individuals possess the D antigen on their red blood cells.

Rh-negative individuals lack the D antigen on their red blood cells. This can lead to complications during pregnancy or blood transfusion.

Universal donors are individuals with blood group O, as their red blood cells lack antigens and can be safely transfused to individuals with any blood group.

Universal recipients are individuals with blood group AB, as their plasma lacks antibodies and can receive blood from individuals with any blood group.

Cross-matching is a crucial step before blood transfusion, where the recipient's serum is mixed with the donor's red blood cells. If agglutination occurs, the donor's blood is not suitable for transfusion.

Agglutination is the clumping together of red blood cells due to an antigen-antibody reaction. It can occur during blood transfusion if incompatible blood types are mixed.

Platelets, when activated by collagen exposure, release serotonin and other vasoconstrictors, causing blood vessels to constrict, which helps slow down bleeding.

The adherence of platelets to collagen is accelerated by von Willebrand factor, acting as a bridge between specific platelet glycoproteins and collagen fibrils.

Platelets activated by collagen release ADP and thromboxane A2. These attract more platelets and activate them. This aggregation forms a loose plug, temporarily closing the vessel and stopping bleeding.

Fibrinogen converts to fibrin, forming threads that attach to the platelet plug, solidifying it and completely blocking the vessel to stop bleeding.

The process of removing the clot and repairing the damaged blood vessel. Plasminogen converts to plasmin, breaking down fibrin and allowing the vessel to heal.

Proteins on red blood cell membranes act as antigens, triggering immune responses if incompatible blood is transfused.

Landsteiner's ABO and Rh systems classify blood groups based on the presence or absence of antigens A and B. These systems are vital for safe blood transfusions.

Blood types A, B, AB, and O are defined by the presence or absence of antigens A and B. Each type carries specific antibodies in the serum.