Blood Phosphorus and Calcium Ratio in Cattle
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Questions and Answers

What is the cornerstone of dairy nutrition according to the text?

  • Managing feed intake relative to absolute nutrient requirements (correct)
  • Increasing milk production regardless of nutrient content
  • Maximizing feed efficiency at all costs
  • Reducing the quality of ensiled feeds to boost nutrient intake

    • Which factor influences dry-matter intake in lactating cows based on the text?

  • Color of the feed buckets
  • Nutrient availability (correct)
  • Proximity to other cows during feeding
  • Average temperature in the barn

    • Why is meeting the nutritional requirements of dairy cows challenging during lactation?

  • Because dairy cows have low energy needs during lactation
  • Meeting energy and protein requirements relative to intake capacity (correct)
  • Because dairy cows have reduced metabolic health during lactation
  • Due to limited food availability

    • What should be maximized in lactating cows rapidly after calving according to the text?

    <p>Intake of dry-matter feed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method used in the US to express energy requirements of adult dairy cows?

    <p>NEL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are calculated requirements for dietary energy concentration typically very high in early lactation?

    <p>Because initial milk production is high relative to feed intake rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What negative effects can dietary fat have on ruminant diets?

    <p>Reduced fiber digestion and poor rumen health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of quantifying rumen unsaturated fatty acid load (RUFAL)?

    <p>To evaluate dietary fat and its impacts on rumen microbes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What compound has been primarily associated with milk fat depression in dairy cows?

    <p>CLA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of amino acids for ruminant animals to support body metabolism?

    <p>Microbial protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor primarily influences intake capacity immediately after calving?

    <p>Dietary starch content</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the range of intake capacity of NDF based on the physiologic state of dairy cows?

    <p>0.6% to 1.2%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do complex polysaccharides associated with the plant cell wall and resistant to microbial fermentation quantify?

    <p>NDF and ADF</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor stimulates chewing and rumination to help maintain rumen health?

    <p>Neutral detergent fiber</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What provides relatively less energy compared to nonfiber carbohydrates?

    <p>Fiber</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should not be confused with nonstructural carbohydrates (NSCs)?

    <p>Neutral detergent soluble fiber (NDSF)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does increasing the rate and extent of rumen fermentation influence energy availability?

    <p>Increases energy availability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main mechanism by which energy is provided for both the animal and rumen microbes?

    <p>Rumen fermentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What dietary change can increase the efficiency of microbial energy and protein yield?

    <p>Increasing dietary NDF concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do diets with high NDF concentrations promote?

    <p>Optimal energy intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What dietary change leads to the increased production of volatile fatty acids in the rumen?

    <p>Increasing starch content</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does dietary fiber support rumen health?

    <p>Maintains rumen distention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to fiber digestion when rumen pH falls below 5.5?

    <p>It is severely diminished</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is fiber from forage sources considered more effective in stimulating salivation and cud chewing?

    <p>It has a higher physical effectiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended minimum NDF concentration in diets for high-producing cows?

    <p>25%-30%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In diets with higher NFC concentrations, what benefit is associated with higher proportions of NDF from forage sources?

    <p>Increased energy per mass unit of NDF</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the NE system consider when assigning energy values to feedstuffs?

    <p>Body maintenance, growth, and lactation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which energy values for ruminants are expressed in the NE system in the US?

    <p>NE for lactation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the NE system preferred in comparing the energy values of forages and concentrates?

    <p>It considers efficiency of ME utilization for different processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does dietary energy available for metabolic use refer to?

    <p>Metabolizable energy(ME)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should total NDF concentrations be when a smaller portion of total NDF comes from forage sources?

    <p>In the upper end of the range</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does feeding management schemes like total mixed rations result in regarding minimum NDF concentrations?

    <p>Decrease them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system has many computational disadvantages compared with alternative systems based directly on ME?

    <p>NE system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of value cannot be measured directly by typical laboratory analyses according to the text?

    <p>Energy values (NE)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used for the dietary protein fraction degraded in the rumen and used by the microbes?

    <p>Rumen degradable protein (RDP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system takes into account the differences in availability to rumen or cow when describing dietary protein supply and requirements for dairy cows?

    <p>Metabolizable protein system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What system is known for its simplicity and traditional use in formulating dairy cow rations?

    <p>Crude protein system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the metabolizable protein (MP) system, what cannot be directly measured in a feed ingredient via laboratory analysis?

    <p>Metabolizable protein (MP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor influences the proportion of nitrogen recaptured as microbial protein in the metabolizable protein (MP) system?

    <p>Growth rate of rumen microbes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for dietary ingredients with high moisture and high protein concentrations?

    <p>Legume silages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to urea that is not recycled back to the rumen?

    <p>Excreted in urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What influences the branch point representing the proportion of protein degraded in the rumen?

    <p>Rate of ingesta passage through the rumen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    3

    <p>Rumen Degraded Proteins (RDP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does RUP stand for in the context of dairy cow nutrition?

    <p>Rumen Undegradable Protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one advantage ruminants have when it comes to using low-quality protein or nonprotein nitrogen sources?

    <p>They can synthesize microbial proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a more biological approach to estimating sulfur needed for microbial protein synthesis?

    <p>Based on dietary metabolizable energy and protein availability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which macromineral serves important biological roles as an electrolyte located intracellularly?

    <p>Potassium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it necessary to supplement sodium in the diet of cows?

    <p>To maintain acid-base balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does TDS stand for in the context of water quality?

    <p>Total Dissolved Solids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is TDS generally expressed in?

    <p>Milligrams per Liter (mg/L)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which inorganic contaminants are of concern for ruminants apart from mineral elements?

    <p>Nitrates, Nitrite, Sulfates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what concentration of nitrate nitrogen should water be avoided for cattle?

    <p>&amp;lt10 mg/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended sulfate concentration in drinking water for adult cattle?

    <p>&amp;lt1,000 mg/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a macromineral requirement often considered for dairy cattle?

    <p>Calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are phosphorus requirements considered the first limiting mineral on a forage-based feeding program?

    <p>Low phosphorus content of forages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What could happen if cattle are oversupplemented with phosphorus according to the text?

    <p>Environmental impact</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following organic compounds may contaminate water sources according to the text?

    <p>Herbicides and Insecticides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sulfate salt is mentioned as the most potent depressor of water intake in cattle?

    <p>Iron Sulfate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should concentrations of nitrate nitrogen be to be considered safe for ruminants according to the text?

    <p>&amp;lt10 mg/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do lactating dairy cows have high calcium requirements relative to other species according to the text?

    <p>For Milk Production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do animals with high rates of feed intake have higher proportions of RUP in their diets?

    <p>Because they have faster feed passage through the rumen, allowing less opportunity for rumen protein degradation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which amino acids are often considered as first limiting amino acids in typical dairy cattle diets, especially during early lactation?

    <p>Methionine and Lysine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can the specific amino acid requirements of dairy cows be supplemented in their diets?

    <p>By feeding targeted RUP ingredients high in these amino acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what conditions is high-quality water consumption critical for dairy cows?

    <p>When water quality is poor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does providing adequate access to water encourage maximal water intake in dairy cows?

    <p>By placing water near feed sources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor determines the free water intake (FWI) of lactating dairy cows according to the text?

    <p>Ration dry-matter concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does microbiological contamination affect water quality for dairy cows?

    <p>It has no impact on cow performance as per existing research.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do extreme pH levels in water affect its palatability to cattle?

    <p>A wide pH range from 5 to 9 is acceptable for cattle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact does poor water quality have on dairy cows' feed consumption and milk production?

    <p>It reduces feed consumption and milk production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended positioning for water troughs and drinking cups?

    <p>Avoiding placement near sources of fecal contamination and cleaned frequently.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does having multiple watering stations for cow groups prevent?

    <p>Prevents high-ranking cows from monopolizing a single water source.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do trough volumes and drinking cup flow rates ensure adequate water availability during peak demand times?

    <p>By ensuring a continuous flow of water even when many cows drink simultaneously.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mineral element has the highest availability among inorganic mineral sources?

    <p>Phosphorus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may need to be supplemented depending on the amount of legume forage in the diet?

    <p>Calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of diet is usually referred to as a diet with a low or negative dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD)?

    <p>Acidifying diet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended range of diet phosphorus concentration in dry cow diets?

    <p>0.25%-0.35%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which minerals are considered macrominerals of consequence to dairy cows aside from calcium and phosphorus?

    <p>Sodium, Chloride, Potassium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of sulfur in dairy cow nutrition?

    <p>To provide substrate to rumen microbes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are serum concentrations of calcium and inorganic phosphorus of little value in assessing long-term nutritional status?

    <p>Because they are not accurate indicators of long-term status</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mineral requirement is presented as total and available with the difference being the mineral availability from various dietary ingredients considered?

    <p>Calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has been researched extensively in determining methods of preventing parturient paresis in cows?

    <p>Dietary calcium-to-phosphorus ratio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of an acidifying diet in relation to milk fever prevention?

    <p>To reduce urinary loss of calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

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