Blood Manipulation Techniques and Side Effects Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the purpose of blood doping?

To increase the risk of infectious diseases

To increase red blood cell count for improved oxygen transport (correct)

To decrease stamina

To decrease red blood cell count

What is a potential side effect of EPO (Erythropoietin) use?

Increased risk of blood clots, stroke, and heart attacks (correct)

Reduced risk of blood clots

Enhanced natural production of EPO by the body

Decreased risk of infectious diseases

What are some potential side effects of using artificial oxygen carriers?

Enhanced oxygen levels in the blood

Reduction in platelet count and irritability (correct)

Reduced risk of kidney damage

Prevention of blocked blood vessels

Why could using wrong blood type in a transfusion lead to allergic reactions?

Mismatch with the recipient's immune system Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential health risk associated with circulatory overload from blood doping?

Increased risk of blood clots and stroke Signup and view all the answers

Why is there a risk of destroying naturally produced EPO when using artificial oxygen carriers?

Mismatch in the body's regulation system Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential side effect of using gonadotropins?

Shortness of breath Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of corticotrophin (ACTH) produced by the pituitary gland?

Stimulate the secretion of corticosteroids Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone treats fertility issues in both males and females by stimulating testosterone production?

Human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) Signup and view all the answers

What are the common side effects associated with peptide hormone gonadotropins?

Hot flushes and nausea Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is responsible for stimulating the functioning of the testes and ovaries?

Luteinizing hormone (LH) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) produced by the placenta?

Support early pregnancy and stimulate testosterone production Signup and view all the answers

What is the status of cannabidiol (CBD) according to the text?

Not prohibited, but some products may contain THC Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT listed as a short-term effect of cannabinoids according to the text?

Loss of attention and motivation Signup and view all the answers

In competition before Jan 1, 2022, which routes of administration for glucocorticosteroids were prohibited?

Intramuscular or rectal only Signup and view all the answers

What effect can long-term cannabinoid use have on memory and learning abilities?

Impairment of memory and learning abilities Signup and view all the answers

Which synthetic cannabinoids are prohibited according to the text?

Synthetic cannabinoids that mimic the effects of THC Signup and view all the answers

What physical effects are associated with the short-term use of cannabinoids as stated in the text?

Hallucinations and loss of perception Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation (PM&R)?

To restore function and improve quality of life Signup and view all the answers

When did the 1952 polio epidemic impact the field of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation (PM&R)?

After World War II Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of physiatrists?

Focus on restoring function and improving quality of life Signup and view all the answers

What types of conditions do physiatrists specialize in rehabilitating?

Neuromuscular diseases, brain injuries, and spinal cord injuries Signup and view all the answers

What is a typical training path for individuals pursuing a career in Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation?

3-year residency encompassing general rehab, brain injury rehab, and pediatric rehab Signup and view all the answers

Why are substances prohibited or banned in the context of clean sport without doping?

To promote fair competition and safeguard athlete health Signup and view all the answers

What is prohibited method M2.2 related to?

Intravenous infusions exceeding 100 mL in a 12-hour period Signup and view all the answers

Why are intravenous infusions restricted to a total of 100 mL per 12-hour period?

To avoid misuse of IV fluids for doping purposes Signup and view all the answers

What is gene doping primarily aimed at?

Treating or preventing diseases Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of a method being classified as 'specified'?

The athlete using the method receives a reduced sanction if not used for doping Signup and view all the answers

What type of samples are given under visible supervision during doping control?

Urine samples Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of prohibited method M2?

Protease administration Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation (PM&R)

Also known as physiatry, established as a specialty since 1921
Originally a military specialty, but became a civilian field after the 1952 polio epidemic

Training

Medical degree: MBBS, MD, or DO
4-year residency: 1st year in general surgery, medicine, or transitional year, followed by 3 years in general rehab, brain injury rehab, spinal cord injury rehab, pediatric rehab, or prosthetics and orthotics
Optional 1-3 year fellowship in areas like interventional spine, sports medicine, brain injury, spinal cord injury, or pediatrics

Goals

Why substances are prohibited or banned

Potential to increase muscle growth, whether alone or in combination
Examples: HIF activating agents, gonadotropins, and corticotrophins

Gonadotropins

Stimulate the functioning of the testes and ovaries
Treats fertility issues in males and females
Stimulates the production of testosterone
Side effects: bone and joint pain, hot flushes, decrease in libido, impotence, allergic reactions, nausea, dizziness, headaches, irritability, gastrointestinal problems, irregular heartbeats, shortness of breath, loss of appetite, depression, and tiredness

Corticotrophins

Stimulates the secretion of corticosteroids
Used medically as a diagnostic tool for malfunctions of the adrenal glands
Treats neurological disorders such as infantile spasm and multiple sclerosis

Manipulation of Blood and Blood Components

Blood doping: increases red blood cell count, allowing more oxygen to be transported to muscles and increasing stamina
Erythropoietin (EPO): stimulates red blood cell production or synthetic oxygen carriers
Blood transfusions: patient's own blood or homologous blood from another person with the same blood type
Side effects: jaundice, circulatory overload, increased risk of infectious diseases, septicaemia, blood clots, stroke, heart failure, metabolic shock, and allergic reactions

Artificial Oxygen Carriers

Transient fever, reduction in platelet count, blood infection, potential overloading of white blood cells, irritability, diarrhea
Additional side effects: stroke, blocked blood vessels, high blood pressure, vasoconstriction, kidney damage, and iron overload

Prohibited Methods

M2.1: Tampering or attempting to tamper with samples during doping control
M2.2: Chemical and physical manipulation, including urine substitution and/or adulteration
M3: Gene and cell doping

Cannabinoids

All natural and synthetic cannabinoids are prohibited, except for cannabidiol (CBD)
Short-term effects: state similar to drunkenness, loss of perception of time and space, loss of concentration, drowsiness, hallucinations, increased heart rate, reduced vigilance, balance, and coordination, reduced ability to perform complex tasks, and increased appetite
Long-term effects: loss of attention and motivation, impaired memory and learning abilities, weakening of the immune system, respiratory diseases, and psychological dependence

Substances Prohibited in Competition

S9. Glucocorticosteroids: all injectable routes are prohibited, including intravenous, intramuscular, periarticular, intra-articular, peritendinous, intratendinous, epidural, intrathecal, intrabursal, and intralesional

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Description

Test your knowledge on blood manipulation techniques like blood doping, Erythropoietin (EPO), and blood transfusions, as well as the associated side effects. Learn about how these methods can affect an individual's physical performance and health.