Blood Manipulation Techniques and Side Effects Quiz

Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation (PM&R)

• Also known as physiatry, established as a specialty since 1921
• Originally a military specialty, but became a civilian field after the 1952 polio epidemic

Training

• Medical degree: MBBS, MD, or DO
• 4-year residency: 1st year in general surgery, medicine, or transitional year, followed by 3 years in general rehab, brain injury rehab, spinal cord injury rehab, pediatric rehab, or prosthetics and orthotics
• Optional 1-3 year fellowship in areas like interventional spine, sports medicine, brain injury, spinal cord injury, or pediatrics

Goals

• Why substances are prohibited or banned

Peptide Hormones, Growth Factors, and Related Substances

• Potential to increase muscle growth, whether alone or in combination
• Examples: HIF activating agents, gonadotropins, and corticotrophins

Gonadotropins

• Stimulate the functioning of the testes and ovaries
• Treats fertility issues in males and females
• Stimulates the production of testosterone
• Side effects: bone and joint pain, hot flushes, decrease in libido, impotence, allergic reactions, nausea, dizziness, headaches, irritability, gastrointestinal problems, irregular heartbeats, shortness of breath, loss of appetite, depression, and tiredness

Corticotrophins

• Stimulates the secretion of corticosteroids
• Used medically as a diagnostic tool for malfunctions of the adrenal glands
• Treats neurological disorders such as infantile spasm and multiple sclerosis

Manipulation of Blood and Blood Components

• Blood doping: increases red blood cell count, allowing more oxygen to be transported to muscles and increasing stamina
• Erythropoietin (EPO): stimulates red blood cell production or synthetic oxygen carriers
• Blood transfusions: patient's own blood or homologous blood from another person with the same blood type
• Side effects: jaundice, circulatory overload, increased risk of infectious diseases, septicaemia, blood clots, stroke, heart failure, metabolic shock, and allergic reactions

Artificial Oxygen Carriers

• Transient fever, reduction in platelet count, blood infection, potential overloading of white blood cells, irritability, diarrhea
• Additional side effects: stroke, blocked blood vessels, high blood pressure, vasoconstriction, kidney damage, and iron overload

Prohibited Methods

• M2.1: Tampering or attempting to tamper with samples during doping control
• M2.2: Chemical and physical manipulation, including urine substitution and/or adulteration
• M3: Gene and cell doping

Cannabinoids

• All natural and synthetic cannabinoids are prohibited, except for cannabidiol (CBD)
• Short-term effects: state similar to drunkenness, loss of perception of time and space, loss of concentration, drowsiness, hallucinations, increased heart rate, reduced vigilance, balance, and coordination, reduced ability to perform complex tasks, and increased appetite
• Long-term effects: loss of attention and motivation, impaired memory and learning abilities, weakening of the immune system, respiratory diseases, and psychological dependence

Substances Prohibited in Competition

• S9. Glucocorticosteroids: all injectable routes are prohibited, including intravenous, intramuscular, periarticular, intra-articular, peritendinous, intratendinous, epidural, intrathecal, intrabursal, and intralesional