Blood Glucose Regulation and Diabetes
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Questions and Answers

What triggers insulin secretion in response to high blood sugar levels?

  • Direct sensitivity of beta cells to glucose (correct)
  • Glucagon release from the pancreas
  • Modification of insulin receptors
  • Inhibition by adrenal hormones

Which hormone primarily functions in raising blood sugar levels during hypoglycemia?

  • Thyroxine
  • Glucagon (correct)
  • Adrenaline
  • Insulin

What is a common characteristic of insulin-dependent diabetes (DID)?

  • It is characterized by a lack of insulin secretion (correct)
  • It primarily affects adults
  • Insulin treatment is ineffective
  • It occurs due to receptor modifications

How do protein hormones like insulin and glucagon affect cellular processes?

<p>They bind to receptors on the cell membrane (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In non-insulin-dependent diabetes (DNID), what is primarily affected?

<p>Insulin receptors on target cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of insulin in blood glucose regulation?

<p>Enhances glucose uptake by most cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does glucagon have on blood glucose levels?

<p>Stimulates glycogen breakdown in the liver (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process is responsible for the conversion of glucose into glycogen?

<p>Glycogenesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the release of glucagon in the body?

<p>Lack of food intake (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of insulin?

<p>Promotes gluconeogenesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During fasting, which process is primarily activated to maintain blood glucose levels?

<p>Glycogenolysis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormones are primarily responsible for the regulation of blood glucose levels?

<p>Insulin and glucagon (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is gluconeogenesis?

<p>Synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Insulin-dependent Diabetes (DID)

This type of diabetes occurs in children and is characterized by a lack of insulin secretion.

Non-insulin-dependent Diabetes (DNID)

This type of diabetes occurs in adults and is characterized by a lack or modification of insulin receptors on target cells.

Insulin

This hormone decreases blood sugar levels by promoting glucose uptake into cells.

Glucagon

This hormone increases blood sugar levels by promoting glucose release from cells.

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Blood Sugar Regulation

The ability of the body to maintain blood sugar levels within a narrow range.

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Blood Glucose Regulation

The process of maintaining stable blood glucose levels despite fluctuations from eating, fasting, or exercise.

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Blood Glucose

A crucial biological constant for the proper functioning of the body's cells.

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Glycogenesis

The process of converting glucose into glycogen for storage in the liver and muscles.

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Glycogenolysis

The process of breaking down glycogen stored in the liver and muscles to release glucose into the bloodstream.

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Gluconeogenesis

The process of synthesizing glucose from non-carbohydrate sources like amino acids and fatty acids.

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Lipolysis

The process of breaking down fats into fatty acids and glycerol.

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Study Notes

Blood Glucose Regulation

  • Blood glucose is a vital biological constant for cell function. Normal blood glucose levels fluctuate slightly around 1 g/L; this is higher after meals, and lower during fasting or exercise.

  • Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) and hyperglycemia (high blood sugar) are deviations from normal blood glucose levels, and the body has mechanisms to maintain homeostasis.

Hormones Involved

  • Insulin is a crucial hormone for regulating blood glucose, specifically by decreasing blood glucose levels. Insulin facilitates the uptake of glucose by cells and promotes glycogen synthesis in the liver and muscles. It's protective against hypoglycemia.

  • Glucagon is another hormone, which increases blood glucose levels by promoting glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources). Glucagon's role is crucial in countering hypoglycemia

Types of Diabetes

  • Type 1 diabetes arises from a lack of insulin production, or from reduced insulin secretion. It usually emerges in childhood or adolescence. Treatment typically involves daily insulin injections.

  • Type 2 diabetes results from resistance to insulin action or reduced insulin secretion. It often develops later in life and can frequently be managed with lifestyle changes.

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Description

This quiz explores the mechanisms of blood glucose regulation, including the roles of insulin and glucagon. It also delves into the types of diabetes, particularly Type 1 diabetes, and their impact on blood sugar levels. Test your knowledge on how the body maintains glucose homeostasis and the hormonal responses involved.

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