Blood Functions and Composition Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the role of skeletal muscle contraction in the cardiovascular system?

  • It compresses cardiovascular and lymphatic vessels. (correct)
  • It decreases the rate of lymph return to the veins.
  • It directly pumps blood into the heart.
  • It inhibits blood flow in the arteries.

Which is a function of red bone marrow?

  • It stores calcium ions for muscle function.
  • It filters blood and removes toxins.
  • It produces hormones for blood regulation.
  • It produces blood cells. (correct)

How do hormones relate to blood cell and bone health?

  • Hormones only influence blood circulation.
  • Hormones regulate both blood cell production and bone calcium release. (correct)
  • Hormones have no effect on blood cell production.
  • Hormones only regulate calcium absorption from the intestines.

What role do the kidneys play in maintaining blood homeostasis?

<p>They regulate acid-base and water-salt balances in blood. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a function of calcium ions produced by bones?

<p>They assist in blood clotting. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs if blood types are not compatible during a transfusion?

<p>Agglutination of red blood cells may occur. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is true about Rh positive blood groups concerning antibodies?

<p>They are generally without anti-Rh antibodies. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is a crossmatch performed before a blood transfusion?

<p>To observe for agglutination between donor's blood and recipient's plasma. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primary function of blood is responsible for transporting oxygen and nutrients?

<p>Transport (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Under what circumstance can Rh negative individuals develop anti-Rh antibodies?

<p>When they are transfused with Rh positive blood. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of blood component is involved in defending the body against pathogens?

<p>Phagocytes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of agglutination of red blood cells?

<p>The agglutinated cells are destroyed and cleaned from the body. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the pH level that blood buffers regulate to maintain?

<p>7.4 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cell type is responsible for producing all blood cell types in the body?

<p>Stem cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What stimulates the production of more red blood cells (RBCs)?

<p>Bone marrow (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells do platelets fragment from?

<p>Megakaryocytes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do albumins contribute to blood function?

<p>By regulating osmotic pressure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a primary function of platelets?

<p>Blood clotting (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism does blood use to help regulate body temperature when it rises?

<p>Vasodilation of vessels in the skin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of blood plasma is primarily responsible for transporting hormones?

<p>Proteins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What initiates the cascade of enzymatic reactions for blood clotting?

<p>Prothrombin activator release (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of clotting factors in blood?

<p>To prevent fluid loss (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the formation of a blood clot, what do platelets first do?

<p>Congregate at the broken vessel walls (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the blood vessel responds to a puncture by constricting?

<p>Smooth muscles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the chemicals secreted by platelets during clot formation?

<p>Attract more platelets (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about platelets is incorrect?

<p>They are considered true cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of lymphatic vessels in the body?

<p>Return lymph to the cardiovascular system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which system is responsible for delivering oxygen from the lungs to the body?

<p>Cardiovascular system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the cardiovascular system remove metabolic wastes?

<p>By sending waste to excretory organs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What function do cardiac muscle contractions serve in the cardiovascular system?

<p>Pumping blood through arteries (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does smooth muscle contraction have on blood vessels?

<p>Changes vessel diameter to maintain blood pressure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the relationship between the lymphatic system and the cardiovascular system?

<p>Lymphatic vessels return excess interstitial fluid to the cardiovascular system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately reflects the role of the cardiovascular system in relation to the digestive system?

<p>It delivers nutrients from the digestive system to other body parts. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is essential for understanding the function of the cardiovascular system?

<p>It uses both cardiac and smooth muscle to facilitate blood movement. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of prothrombin activator in the blood clotting process?

<p>It converts prothrombin into thrombin. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the function of thrombin?

<p>It severs two amino acid chains from fibrinogen. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of blood clot formation?

<p>To facilitate blood vessel repair and prevent blood loss. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the clot after tissue repair is underway?

<p>It is digested by plasmin to dissolve. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do fibroblasts play in the context of wound healing?

<p>They assist in repairing damaged blood vessels and tissues. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the final outcome of fibrin threads during wound healing?

<p>They trap red blood cells and form a solid gel. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is classified as a product of the lymphatic system?

<p>Interstitial fluid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between homeostasis and the cardiovascular system?

<p>The cardiovascular system interacts with various body systems to maintain homeostasis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Blood's Transport Function

Blood carries oxygen, nutrients, waste products, carbon dioxide, and hormones throughout the body.

Blood Defense Mechanism

Blood protects the body from pathogens by using phagocytes that engulf microbes and proteins that bind to pathogens for destruction.

Blood Clotting

Blood clotting prevents fluid loss from the body by forming a seal over damaged areas and injuries.

Blood Temperature Regulation

Blood transports heat around the body adjusting body temperature by moving heat to the skin.

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Blood's Osmotic Pressure

Plasma proteins help maintain the balance of water and salt in the body.

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Blood's Acid-Base Balance

Blood buffers regulate the pH of the body, keeping it at a crucial level (around 7.4).

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Blood Cell Production

Stem cells in red bone marrow produce all types of blood cells.

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Blood Plasma Composition

Blood plasma is mostly water (91%) with plasma proteins (7%), which are crucial for osmotic pressure and transporting molecules.

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Platelet Formation

Platelets are cell fragments formed from megakaryocytes in the bone marrow.

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Platelet Function

Platelets are crucial for blood clotting.

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Megakaryocyte

Large bone marrow cells that produce platelets.

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Blood Vessel Damage

Injured blood vessel walls trigger a cascade to stop bleeding.

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Platelet Aggregation

Platelets clump together at the site of a broken vessel.

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Platelet Secreted Chemicals

Platelets release chemicals to attract more platelets and constrict vessels.

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Coagulation Cascade

A series of chemical reactions that lead to blood clotting.

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Muscle Contraction & Circulation

Skeletal muscle contractions help push blood and lymph fluid back towards the heart. This aids in the circulation of these fluids.

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Red Bone Marrow's Role

Red bone marrow, located within bones, produces all types of blood cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

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Bones & Calcium

Bones store calcium, which is essential for blood clotting, helping to stop bleeding.

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Hormonal Influence on Blood

Hormones from the endocrine system regulate both blood cell production and the release of calcium from bones.

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Urinary System's Role in Blood

The kidneys in the urinary system control the balance of acid, bases, water, and salts in blood and the surrounding fluids.

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Lymphatic System Returns Fluid

The lymphatic system collects excess fluid from tissues and returns it to the cardiovascular system (CVS) via lymphatic vessels.

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Respiratory System and CVS

The cardiovascular system (CVS) delivers oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body, enabling cellular respiration.

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Digestive system and CVS (Part 1)

The cardiovascular system (CVS) carries nutrients absorbed from the digestive system to the interstitial fluid surrounding cells, providing them with energy.

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Digestive system and CVS (Part 2)

The cardiovascular system (CVS) removes metabolic wastes from cells and delivers them to excretory organs for removal from the body.

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Cardiac Muscle and Blood Movement

Cardiac muscle contractions in the heart pump blood through the body, ensuring efficient blood circulation.

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Smooth Muscle and Blood Pressure

Smooth muscle contraction and relaxation in blood vessels changes their diameter, helping to regulate blood pressure.

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CVS Role in Muscular System

The cardiovascular system (CVS) provides oxygen and nutrients to muscles, essential for muscle contraction and movement.

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CVS Role in Muscular System (continued)

The CVS removes waste products from muscles, preventing buildup and fatigue.

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Prothrombin Activator

An enzyme that converts prothrombin, an inactive clotting factor, into thrombin, its active form, initiating the clotting cascade.

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Thrombin's Role

Thrombin (active clotting factor) cleaves fibrinogen into fibrin monomers, which then polymerize to form fibrin threads, the structural basis of a clot.

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Fibrin Threads

Long, sticky protein strands formed from fibrinogen that trap red blood cells, forming a mesh-like structure that seals the wound and stops bleeding.

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Platelets' Role in Clotting

Platelets, tiny cell fragments, adhere to the damaged blood vessel walls, release chemicals that activate the clotting cascade, and aggregate to form a temporary plug to stop bleeding.

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Fibrinolysis

The breakdown of fibrin clots by the enzyme plasmin, allowing for tissue repair and restoration of normal blood flow once the wound is healed.

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Lymphatic System's Function

The lymphatic system collects excess interstitial fluid, filters it, and returns it to the circulatory system, maintaining fluid balance and transporting immune cells.

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Interstitial Fluid

Fluid that bathes the cells, providing nutrients and removing waste, derived from blood plasma and filtered through capillary walls.

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Lymphatic Capillaries

Tiny vessels that collect interstitial fluid, forming lymph, and transport it through lymphatic vessels to lymph nodes for filtration.

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Blood Typing

A test to determine the ABO blood group and Rh factor of a person's blood, crucial for safe blood transfusions.

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Agglutination

Clumping of red blood cells (RBCs) that occurs when incompatible blood types are mixed, due to antibodies reacting with antigens.

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Rh Factor

A protein found on the surface of red blood cells. Individuals are either Rh positive (Rh+) if they have the protein or Rh negative (Rh-) if they don't.

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Rh Incompatibility

A condition that can occur during pregnancy when a Rh- mother carries an Rh+ baby. The mother's immune system may produce antibodies against the baby's Rh+ blood cells.

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Crossmatch

A test performed before a blood transfusion, where a small sample of the donor's blood is mixed with the recipient's plasma to check for agglutination.

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Study Notes

Blood Functions

  • Transports oxygen, nutrients, waste products, carbon dioxide, and hormones
  • Defends against pathogens through phagocytes and antibodies that bind to pathogens
  • Regulates body temperature by transporting heat to the skin and dissipating it
  • Maintains osmotic pressure and pH balance with proteins and buffers

Composition of Blood

  • Blood is a liquid connective tissue composed of formed elements (cells and cell fragments) suspended in plasma
  • Formed elements include red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), and platelets (thrombocytes)
  • Plasma is mostly water (over 90%), with proteins, electrolytes, and dissolved gases comprising the remaining portion

Formed Elements

  • Formed elements are produced in the red bone marrow, from stem cells, which divide and differentiate into all blood cell types
  • Red blood cells (erythrocytes) carry oxygen and some carbon dioxide
  • White blood cells (leukocytes) are involved in the immune response
  • Platelets (thrombocytes) are cell fragments involved in blood clotting

Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)

  • Structure: Biconcave disks with a large surface area for gas diffusion, small size for movement through capillaries, lack of organelles for increased space for hemoglobin.
  • Function: Transport oxygen to tissues via hemoglobin, which binds oxygen and forms oxyhemoglobin, and some carbon dioxide
  • Hemoglobin: Red pigment responsible for binding to oxygen and enabling oxygen transport. Each hemoglobin molecule has four subunits, each with an iron-containing heme group.
  • Life Span: Red blood cells have a short lifespan of about 120 days because they lack a nucleus for protein repair, and are broken down in the liver and spleen.
  • Destruction: Old or damaged red blood cells are phagocytosed by macrophages in the liver and spleen, and hemoglobin is broken down into globin (recycled) and heme. Iron is recycled, and heme is converted into bilirubin that is excreted by the liver.

Platelets (Thrombocytes)

  • Formation: Fragments of large cells (megakaryocytes) in the red bone marrow, not true cells.
  • Function: Essential for blood clotting (coagulation). They release chemicals, initiate a cascade reaction, and initiate the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin, which activates fibrinogen to create fibrin threads that help clot the blood.
  • Role in clotting: Platelets congregate at a wound, form a plug, and release chemicals attracting more platelets. Prothrombin activator converts prothrombin to thrombin, causing fibrinogen to convert into fibrin, trapping red blood cells.

Blood Plasma Proteins

  • The liver produces plasma proteins, including albumins (contributing to osmotic pressure), globulins (transporting substances, and including antibodies), and fibrinogen (involved in blood clotting).

Blood Types

  • Blood types are determined by the presence or absence of antigens on red blood cell membranes
  • Three primary types of antigens: A, B, and Rh. (The Rh antigen is a protein, not a chemical)
  • Blood transfusions require compatibility between donor and recipient blood types to prevent agglutination (clumping of red blood cells). Antibodies produced in response to foreign antigens can destroy incompatible red blood cells.
  • Type O is the universal donor, while AB is the universal recipient blood type

Homeostasis and Body Interactions:

  • Blood interacts with other bodily systems, including the lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, and muscular systems to maintain homeostasis. For example, blood interacts with the lymphatic system by absorbing interstitial fluid through lymphatic vessels, carrying nutrients and oxygen via blood transport to other parts of the body, removing waste products delivered to the excretory system, and by supplying blood to the muscles as they contract and relax.

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Anatomy Week 5 Notes - Blood PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on the various functions of blood, its composition, and the formed elements involved in the circulatory system. This quiz covers key topics such as the role of blood cells and the importance of plasma in maintaining body functions.

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