Questions and Answers
Where does the exchange of respiratory gases occur in the pulmonary circulation?
Alveoli
Which side of the heart initially pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs in the pulmonary circulation?
Right side
Where does the exchange of respiratory gases occur in the systemic circulation?
Systemic cells
What is the main function of the pulmonary circulation?
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In systemic circulation, where does oxygen move from the blood to?
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What type of blood is transported from the left side of the heart in pulmonary circulation?
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What is the shape of the pocketlike cusps of each valve described in the text?
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When do the semilunar valves open?
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What happens when the ventricles relax in relation to the semilunar valves?
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Why do the semilunar valves close in the heart described?
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What happens to the flexibility and elasticity of heart valves with aging or disease?
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What condition is characterized by an enlarged heart, as explained in the text?
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What is responsible for initiating the heartbeat in the heart?
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Which part of the brain houses both the cardioinhibitory center and cardioacceleratory center?
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What is the main function of parasympathetic innervation on the heart?
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What receptors relay sensory input to the cardiac center?
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Which nerve primarily innervates the SA node with parasympathetic input?
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What is the condition that may lead to symptoms of shortness of breath, chest pain, and fainting?
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Which heart condition is characterized by a thickened left ventricular wall and interventricular septum?
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What are the two main normal heart sounds associated with the closing of heart valves?
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What heart sound is generated from the closing of the atrioventricular valves?
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Which heart sound is associated with the closing of the semilunar valves?
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Why do many school districts mandate physical exams for student athletes prior to sports participation?
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Which chamber and vessel are prominent in the anterior view of the heart?
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What is the noticeable extension of the right atrium in the anterior view called?
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Which structure attaches to the left ventricle in the anterior view of the heart?
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What forms the base on the posterosuperior surface of the heart in the posterior view?
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Which vessel is visible attaching to the left ventricle in the anterior view?
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What is most noticeable when observing the heart from an anterior view?
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Study Notes
- Heart valves are composed of three pocketlike cusps shaped like a halfmoon, with no associated papillary muscles or tendinous cords.
- Semilunar valves open when ventricles contract, allowing blood to enter arterial trunks, and close when ventricles relax to prevent backflow.
- Flexibility and elasticity of heart valve connective tissue decrease with aging or disease, potentially leading to heart murmurs.
- Cardiomegaly is a condition where the heart is enlarged, impacting blood flow through two circulations: pulmonary and systemic.
- Pulmonary circulation moves blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs for gas exchange, then back to the left side.
- Systemic circulation moves oxygenated blood from the left side of the heart to systemic cells, then returns deoxygenated blood to the right side.
- Heart sounds include lubb-dupp sounds, with lubb (S1 sound) from closing of atrioventricular valves and dupp (S2 sound) from closing of semilunar valves.
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