Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which phase of the cardiac cycle is characterized by the heart cells being at rest and the ventricles filling up with blood?
Which phase of the cardiac cycle is characterized by the heart cells being at rest and the ventricles filling up with blood?
- End-systolic volume (ESV)
- End-diastolic volume (EDV)
- Systole
- Diastole (correct)
What is the equation for stroke volume (SV)?
What is the equation for stroke volume (SV)?
- SV = EDV + ESV
- SV = EDV / ESV
- SV = EDV - ESV (correct)
- SV = EDV x ESV
Which factor affects stroke volume by representing the degree of stretching experienced by the heart muscle cell during diastole?
Which factor affects stroke volume by representing the degree of stretching experienced by the heart muscle cell during diastole?
- Muscle Pump
- Preload (correct)
- Gravity
- Venous return
What happens to end-diastolic volume (EDV) and end-systolic volume (ESV) when you start exercising?
What happens to end-diastolic volume (EDV) and end-systolic volume (ESV) when you start exercising?
What is the average stroke volume (SV) per beat?
What is the average stroke volume (SV) per beat?
Which factor affects the amount of blood returning to the heart and is influenced by gravity?
Which factor affects the amount of blood returning to the heart and is influenced by gravity?
What happens to stroke volume (SV) when the end-diastolic volume (EDV) increases and the end-systolic volume (ESV) decreases?
What happens to stroke volume (SV) when the end-diastolic volume (EDV) increases and the end-systolic volume (ESV) decreases?
Which of the following factors causes an increase in stroke volume during exercise?
Which of the following factors causes an increase in stroke volume during exercise?
What is the equation for calculating ejection fraction?
What is the equation for calculating ejection fraction?
Which of the following is responsible for increasing heart rate during exercise?
Which of the following is responsible for increasing heart rate during exercise?
What is the equation for calculating cardiac output (Q)?
What is the equation for calculating cardiac output (Q)?
Which of the following is true about systolic blood pressure (SBP) during exercise?
Which of the following is true about systolic blood pressure (SBP) during exercise?
What is the equation for calculating mean arterial pressure (MAP)?
What is the equation for calculating mean arterial pressure (MAP)?
What is the pulse pressure if the systolic blood pressure (SBP) is 120 mmHg and the diastolic blood pressure (DBP) is 80 mmHg?
What is the pulse pressure if the systolic blood pressure (SBP) is 120 mmHg and the diastolic blood pressure (DBP) is 80 mmHg?
According to Poiseuille's Law, which of the following factors does NOT influence blood flow rate?
According to Poiseuille's Law, which of the following factors does NOT influence blood flow rate?
Which of the following statements about vasodilation is correct?
Which of the following statements about vasodilation is correct?
What is the relationship between flow, pressure, and resistance according to the equation Q = \frac{P},{R}?
What is the relationship between flow, pressure, and resistance according to the equation Q = \frac{P},{R}?
Which of the following factors does NOT affect blood flow distribution?
Which of the following factors does NOT affect blood flow distribution?
What is the relationship between viscosity, shear stress, and shear rate according to the equation \eta = \frac{\tau},{\dot{\gamma}}?
What is the relationship between viscosity, shear stress, and shear rate according to the equation \eta = \frac{\tau},{\dot{\gamma}}?
During static exercise, which of the following factors does NOT contribute to decreased stroke volume?
During static exercise, which of the following factors does NOT contribute to decreased stroke volume?
Which of the following statements about blood flow distribution is correct?
Which of the following statements about blood flow distribution is correct?
Which type of exercise, static or dynamic, is associated with a greater increase in heart rate?
Which type of exercise, static or dynamic, is associated with a greater increase in heart rate?
During dynamic exercise, why is there not much increase in blood flow until the muscle relaxes?
During dynamic exercise, why is there not much increase in blood flow until the muscle relaxes?
Which gender has higher cardiac output (Q) and heart rate (HR), but lower stroke volume (SV) at the same absolute work rate?
Which gender has higher cardiac output (Q) and heart rate (HR), but lower stroke volume (SV) at the same absolute work rate?
Which gender has a smaller heart size, males or females?
Which gender has a smaller heart size, males or females?
Which parameter is higher in males: red blood cell (RBC) count or hematocrit (Hb)?
Which parameter is higher in males: red blood cell (RBC) count or hematocrit (Hb)?
In aging individuals, which parameter tends to be smaller and which tends to be higher at the same absolute heart rate (HR): stroke volume (SV) and heart rate (HR)?
In aging individuals, which parameter tends to be smaller and which tends to be higher at the same absolute heart rate (HR): stroke volume (SV) and heart rate (HR)?
In older individuals, is resting blood pressure (BP) higher or lower compared to younger individuals?
In older individuals, is resting blood pressure (BP) higher or lower compared to younger individuals?
In older individuals, is exercise blood pressure (BP) higher or lower compared to younger individuals?
In older individuals, is exercise blood pressure (BP) higher or lower compared to younger individuals?
Which type of exercise, static or dynamic, allows a bigger volume of blood to be pumped around the body?
Which type of exercise, static or dynamic, allows a bigger volume of blood to be pumped around the body?
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Study Notes
Cardiac Cycle and Stroke Volume
- Diastole Phase: Characterized by the heart at rest and ventricles filling with blood.
- Stroke Volume (SV) Equation: SV = End-Diastolic Volume (EDV) - End-Systolic Volume (ESV).
- Preload: The degree of stretching of the heart muscle cells during diastole affects stroke volume.
Exercise Effects on Volumes and Stroke Volume
- End-Diastolic Volume (EDV) & End-Systolic Volume (ESV): Both EDV increases and ESV decreases during exercise.
- Average Stroke Volume: Approximately 70 mL per beat in a healthy adult.
- Venous Return Influences: Factors like gravity affect blood returning to the heart.
Stroke Volume Changes
- Increased EDV and Decreased ESV: Lead to an increase in stroke volume.
- Factors Increasing Stroke Volume During Exercise: Increased preload and heart rate contribute to higher stroke volume.
Cardiac Output and Ejection Fraction
- Ejection Fraction Calculation: EF = (Stroke Volume / End-Diastolic Volume) x 100%.
- Cardiac Output (Q) Equation: Q = Heart Rate (HR) x Stroke Volume (SV).
Blood Pressure Dynamics
- Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) During Exercise: Typically increases with exercise intensity.
- Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) Equation: MAP = DBP + 1/3(SBP - DBP).
- Pulse Pressure Calculation: Pulse Pressure = SBP - DBP = 120 mmHg - 80 mmHg = 40 mmHg.
Blood Flow and Vasodilation
- Poiseuille's Law: Factors influencing blood flow rate include radius, viscosity, and pressure difference; flow rate is unaffected by blood viscosity changes at low Re (Reynolds number).
- Vasodilation Effects: Leads to increased blood flow by widening blood vessels.
Relationship in Circulatory Dynamics
- Flow, Pressure, and Resistance Equation: Q = P / R indicates inversely proportional relationships between resistance and flow.
- Viscosity and Shear Stress: Related by η = τ / ɣ̇, where η is viscosity, τ is shear stress, and ɣ̇ is shear rate.
Static vs. Dynamic Exercise Effects
- Static Exercise: Less contribution to decreased stroke volume compared to dynamic exercise.
- Dynamic vs. Static: Dynamic exercise typically results in a greater increase in heart rate.
Gender Differences
- Cardiac Output and Stroke Volume: Females generally have higher HR and Q but lower SV than males at the same absolute work rate.
- Heart Size: Males possess a larger heart size compared to females.
- Red Blood Cell Count: Males typically have higher RBC count and hematocrit levels.
Aging Population Dynamics
- Stroke Volume and Heart Rate: Older individuals tend to have smaller stroke volumes and higher heart rates at the same absolute HR.
- Blood Pressure Changes: Resting and exercise BP is generally higher in older individuals compared to younger counterparts.
- Dynamic Exercise Efficiency: Dynamic exercise is more effective in allowing larger volumes of blood to be pumped around the body compared to static exercise.
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