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Questions and Answers
What is the typical lifespan of a red blood cell before it is destroyed?
What is the typical lifespan of a red blood cell before it is destroyed?
Which of the following correctly describes the morphology of spherocytes?
Which of the following correctly describes the morphology of spherocytes?
What condition is indicated by an increased level of hemoglobin?
What condition is indicated by an increased level of hemoglobin?
What is the normal mean corpuscular volume (MCV) range for adolescents aged 12-18 years?
What is the normal mean corpuscular volume (MCV) range for adolescents aged 12-18 years?
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Which statement about hematocrit values is true?
Which statement about hematocrit values is true?
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In a reticulocyte count, what is an expected normal percentage of these cells in the total RBC count?
In a reticulocyte count, what is an expected normal percentage of these cells in the total RBC count?
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What is the primary role of von Willebrand factor (vWF) in the clotting mechanism?
What is the primary role of von Willebrand factor (vWF) in the clotting mechanism?
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Which type of von Willebrand disease is characterized by the absence of von Willebrand factor?
Which type of von Willebrand disease is characterized by the absence of von Willebrand factor?
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In von Willebrand disease, how does Type I primarily differ from Type II?
In von Willebrand disease, how does Type I primarily differ from Type II?
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What inheritance pattern is associated with von Willebrand disease types I and II?
What inheritance pattern is associated with von Willebrand disease types I and II?
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Which statement accurately describes the clinical impact of Type II von Willebrand disease?
Which statement accurately describes the clinical impact of Type II von Willebrand disease?
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Which type of hemophilia is most commonly associated with a deficiency in clotting factor VIII?
Which type of hemophilia is most commonly associated with a deficiency in clotting factor VIII?
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What is the primary mode of inheritance for Type A and B hemophilia?
What is the primary mode of inheritance for Type A and B hemophilia?
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Which symptom is least likely to be associated with severe cases of hemophilia?
Which symptom is least likely to be associated with severe cases of hemophilia?
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Which treatment is typically used for mild cases of hemophilia?
Which treatment is typically used for mild cases of hemophilia?
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What factor deficiency characterizes Von Willebrand Disease?
What factor deficiency characterizes Von Willebrand Disease?
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Which of the following statements about Type C hemophilia is correct?
Which of the following statements about Type C hemophilia is correct?
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At what stage of development are children with hemophilia likely to first show significant symptoms?
At what stage of development are children with hemophilia likely to first show significant symptoms?
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What percentage of the general population is estimated to be affected by Von Willebrand Disease?
What percentage of the general population is estimated to be affected by Von Willebrand Disease?
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Which of the following is a symptom of mild cases of hemophilia?
Which of the following is a symptom of mild cases of hemophilia?
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What is the most significant factor affecting the severity of hemophilia?
What is the most significant factor affecting the severity of hemophilia?
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Which age group has the highest normal range for white blood cell count (WBC)?
Which age group has the highest normal range for white blood cell count (WBC)?
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What is the typical percentage range of segmented neutrophils in a healthy individual?
What is the typical percentage range of segmented neutrophils in a healthy individual?
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Which condition would most likely lead to an increase in immature neutrophils (bands)?
Which condition would most likely lead to an increase in immature neutrophils (bands)?
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What is the average lifespan of sickle-shaped red blood cells compared to normal red blood cells?
What is the average lifespan of sickle-shaped red blood cells compared to normal red blood cells?
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Which of the following is a common trigger for crises in sickle cell disease?
Which of the following is a common trigger for crises in sickle cell disease?
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What percentage of lymphocytes is typically expected in a normal differential WBC count?
What percentage of lymphocytes is typically expected in a normal differential WBC count?
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What is the most serious complication associated with sickle cell disease?
What is the most serious complication associated with sickle cell disease?
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What percentage of the African American population carries the sickle cell trait?
What percentage of the African American population carries the sickle cell trait?
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Which type of sickle cell disease is characterized by inheriting two defective S genes?
Which type of sickle cell disease is characterized by inheriting two defective S genes?
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What is the duration of a vasoocclusive crisis?
What is the duration of a vasoocclusive crisis?
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What is a common treatment option for hemolytic crises?
What is a common treatment option for hemolytic crises?
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Which type of sickle cell variant results in a mild form of the disease due to an abnormal hemoglobin C gene?
Which type of sickle cell variant results in a mild form of the disease due to an abnormal hemoglobin C gene?
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In which sickle cell crisis does blood pooling occur, especially in the spleen or liver?
In which sickle cell crisis does blood pooling occur, especially in the spleen or liver?
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Which type of sickle cell variant is likely to result in a more severe form of the disease when inherited with a type 0 thalassemia gene?
Which type of sickle cell variant is likely to result in a more severe form of the disease when inherited with a type 0 thalassemia gene?
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Which of the following treatments is specifically recommended for children with sickle cell disease to prevent pneumonia?
Which of the following treatments is specifically recommended for children with sickle cell disease to prevent pneumonia?
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What is a significant consequence of chronic anemia in children?
What is a significant consequence of chronic anemia in children?
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Which statement accurately describes partial chimerism?
Which statement accurately describes partial chimerism?
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What is the only curative treatment mentioned for certain conditions?
What is the only curative treatment mentioned for certain conditions?
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Which symptom may indicate severe blood loss in anemia?
Which symptom may indicate severe blood loss in anemia?
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How do immunosuppressive drugs relate to hematopoietic stem cell transplantation?
How do immunosuppressive drugs relate to hematopoietic stem cell transplantation?
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What may occur as a result of decreased viscosity of blood due to anemia?
What may occur as a result of decreased viscosity of blood due to anemia?
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What percentage of toddlers is affected by iron deficiency anemia?
What percentage of toddlers is affected by iron deficiency anemia?
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What treatment is specifically indicated for hemolytic anemias?
What treatment is specifically indicated for hemolytic anemias?
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What happens to the heart as a compensation mechanism in response to anemia?
What happens to the heart as a compensation mechanism in response to anemia?
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Study Notes
Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)
- RBCs are biconcave disks containing 95% hemoglobin, essential for oxygen transport.
- Lifespan of RBCs is approximately 120 days before they are recycled or excreted.
- Normal RBC count varies by age:
- Neonates: 4.1-6.1 million/mm³
- Children 2-6 months: 3.8-5.6 million/mm³
- Ages 1-16 years: 3.9-5.3 million/mm³
- Ages 16-18 years: 4.2-5.4 million/mm³
- Disorders affecting RBC production can lead to various anemias, including blood loss, hemolysis, and bone marrow failure.
- RBC morphology types: Normocytes, microcytes, macrocytes; shapes include spherocytes, poikilocytes, drepanocytes; color categories are normochromic or hypochromic.
Evaluation of RBCs
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Hemoglobin levels can indicate anemia (lower) or polycythemia (higher):
- Neonate: 14.5-22.5 g/dl
- 2 months: 9.0-14.0 g/dl
- 6-12 years: 11.5-15.5 g/dl
- 12-18 years: 12-16.0 g/dl
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Hematocrit reflects RBC proportion in blood:
- Neonate: 48-69%
- 3 days: 44-75%
- 2 months: 28-42%
- 6-12 years: 35-45%
- 12-18 years: 36-49%
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Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) differentiates anemia types:
- Neonate: 95-121 µm³
- 0.5-2 years: 70-86 µm³
- 6-12 years: 77-95 µm³
- 12-18 years: 78-102 µm³
- Reticulocyte Count indicates marrow production; normal range is 0.5-1.5% of total RBCs.
White Blood Cell Count and Differential
- WBC count assesses infections and total leukocyte numbers by age:
- Neonate: 9000-30,000/mm³
- 1 month: 5000-19,500/mm³
- 1-3 years: 6000-17,500/mm³
- 8-13 years: 4500-13,500/mm³
-
18 years: 4500-11,000/mm³
- Differential analysis shows white blood cell types and their normal/altered levels:
- Bands (immature neutrophils): 1-3% (increase in infection)
- Segmented neutrophils: 50-62% (increase indicates bacterial infection)
- Eosinophils: 0-3% (decrease with stress)
- Monocytes: 3-7% (increase during infection recovery)
Sickle Cell Disease
- A recessive genetic disorder linked to chromosome 11 causing defective hemoglobin and sickle-shaped RBCs.
- Sickled cells have a lifespan of 10-20 days, leading to severe anemia due to bone marrow stress.
- Types of crises include aplastic, hemolytic, vaso-occlusive, and sequestrating, causing organ damage and pain.
- Common precipitants: fever, dehydration, altitude changes, stress, and dietary factors.
- Complications include anemia, acute chest syndrome, strokes, and pulmonary conditions.
- Prevalence is significant among African Americans (8-10% carrier rate).
Sickle Cell Variants
- Sickle Cell Trait (HbAS): One defective gene, usually asymptomatic unless under stress.
- Sickle Cell Anemia (HbSS): Homozygous, leads to active sickle cell disease with crises.
- Sickle Cell HbSC Disease: Inheritance of one defective S gene and one abnormal hemoglobin C gene; milder disease.
- HbS-beta Thalassemia: Moderate disease associated with both defective S and thalassemia genes.
Sickle Cell Crises
- Sequestrating Crisis: Blood pools in organs, especially spleen, leading to shock; typically occurs in young children.
- Vasoocclusive Crisis: Sickled cells occlude capillaries, causing severe ischemic pain; common in bones.
- Aplastic Crisis: Infection causes severe drop in RBC production; can last up to 10 days.
- Hemolytic Crisis: Sudden rise in RBC destruction leading to dangerously low hemoglobin levels.
Treatment for Sickle Cell Disease
- Prophylactic penicillin for children to prevent pneumonia.
- Intravenous fluids and analgesics during crises.
- Folic acid supplements for anemia, oxygen for pulmonary issues, and blood transfusions when necessary.
Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
- Only curative treatment for severe sickle cell disease.
- Involves immunosuppressive drugs and bone marrow ablation.
- Success rates around 85% and recommended mainly for high-risk patients.
Iron Deficiency Anemia
- Most common in children; prevalence: 3% in infants, 6-18% in toddlers, 9-11% in female adolescents.
Hemophilia
- Genetic disorder affecting clotting factor production; three types exist (A, B, C).
- Type A involves lack of factor VIII, whereas B lacks IX, and C affects factor XI.
- Symptoms include excessive bleeding, unexplained bruising, joint pain.
- Treatments range from clotting factor infusions to desmopressin.
Von Willebrand Disease
- Congenital bleeding disorder resulting from deficiency of von Willebrand factor.
- Has three types, characterized by varying severity in clotting deficiency.
- Management focuses on increasing factors through medications and infusions.
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Description
Explore the fundamentals of red blood cells, including their structure, function, and lifespan. This quiz covers normal RBC count values for different age groups and highlights the importance of hemoglobin and iron in oxygen transport. Test your knowledge on erythrocyte values and morphology.
