Blood Dyscrasias: RBC Values & Morphology
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Questions and Answers

What is the typical lifespan of a red blood cell before it is destroyed?

  • 180 days
  • 120 days (correct)
  • 90 days
  • 150 days

Which of the following correctly describes the morphology of spherocytes?

  • Sickle-shaped RBCs
  • Oval-shaped RBCs
  • Round-shaped RBCs (correct)
  • Irregular-shaped RBCs

What condition is indicated by an increased level of hemoglobin?

  • Polycythemia (correct)
  • Bone marrow failure
  • Anemia
  • Hemolysis

What is the normal mean corpuscular volume (MCV) range for adolescents aged 12-18 years?

<p>78-102 µm³ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about hematocrit values is true?

<p>It typically is about three times the hemoglobin value. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a reticulocyte count, what is an expected normal percentage of these cells in the total RBC count?

<p>0.5-1.5% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of von Willebrand factor (vWF) in the clotting mechanism?

<p>Interacting with thrombocytes to form a clot (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of von Willebrand disease is characterized by the absence of von Willebrand factor?

<p>Type III (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In von Willebrand disease, how does Type I primarily differ from Type II?

<p>Type I is characterized by low levels of vWF, whereas Type II involves abnormalities in vWF. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What inheritance pattern is associated with von Willebrand disease types I and II?

<p>Dominant inheritance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the clinical impact of Type II von Willebrand disease?

<p>It features reduced functioning of factors and decreased clotting ability. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of hemophilia is most commonly associated with a deficiency in clotting factor VIII?

<p>Type A (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of inheritance for Type A and B hemophilia?

<p>X-linked recessive (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is least likely to be associated with severe cases of hemophilia?

<p>Severe abdominal cramps (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment is typically used for mild cases of hemophilia?

<p>Desmopressin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor deficiency characterizes Von Willebrand Disease?

<p>Von Willebrand factor (vWF) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about Type C hemophilia is correct?

<p>It affects both sexes and rarely occurs in the US. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what stage of development are children with hemophilia likely to first show significant symptoms?

<p>When they begin crawling or walking (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the general population is estimated to be affected by Von Willebrand Disease?

<p>1-2% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a symptom of mild cases of hemophilia?

<p>Epistaxis (nosebleeds) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most significant factor affecting the severity of hemophilia?

<p>Amount of clotting factor in the blood (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which age group has the highest normal range for white blood cell count (WBC)?

<p>Neonate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical percentage range of segmented neutrophils in a healthy individual?

<p>50-62% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition would most likely lead to an increase in immature neutrophils (bands)?

<p>Acute localized bacterial infection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the average lifespan of sickle-shaped red blood cells compared to normal red blood cells?

<p>10-20 days vs 120 days (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common trigger for crises in sickle cell disease?

<p>High or low altitude (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of lymphocytes is typically expected in a normal differential WBC count?

<p>25-40% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most serious complication associated with sickle cell disease?

<p>Acute chest syndrome (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the African American population carries the sickle cell trait?

<p>8-10% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of sickle cell disease is characterized by inheriting two defective S genes?

<p>Sickle Cell Anemia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the duration of a vasoocclusive crisis?

<p>4 to 14 days (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common treatment option for hemolytic crises?

<p>Blood transfusions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of sickle cell variant results in a mild form of the disease due to an abnormal hemoglobin C gene?

<p>Sickle Cell HbSC Disease (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which sickle cell crisis does blood pooling occur, especially in the spleen or liver?

<p>Sequestrating crisis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of sickle cell variant is likely to result in a more severe form of the disease when inherited with a type 0 thalassemia gene?

<p>HbS-beta Thalassemia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following treatments is specifically recommended for children with sickle cell disease to prevent pneumonia?

<p>Prophylactic penicillin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant consequence of chronic anemia in children?

<p>Delayed growth and sexual development (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes partial chimerism?

<p>Involves a mixture of donor and recipient's stem cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the only curative treatment mentioned for certain conditions?

<p>Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom may indicate severe blood loss in anemia?

<p>Tachycardia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do immunosuppressive drugs relate to hematopoietic stem cell transplantation?

<p>They are necessary to prevent rejection of the transplanted cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What may occur as a result of decreased viscosity of blood due to anemia?

<p>Increased risk of heart murmur (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of toddlers is affected by iron deficiency anemia?

<p>6 to 18% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What treatment is specifically indicated for hemolytic anemias?

<p>Splenectomy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the heart as a compensation mechanism in response to anemia?

<p>It increases cardiac output to deliver more oxygen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What are red blood cells?

Red blood cells, also known as erythrocytes, are biconcave disks that contain 95% hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is crucial for oxygen transport throughout the body.

How long do red blood cells live?

Red blood cells have a lifespan of approximately 120 days, after which they are either recycled or excreted by the body.

Does red blood cell count change with age?

The normal red blood cell count varies depending on age. For example, neonates have higher counts than adults.

What can cause anemia?

Disorders impacting red blood cell production can lead to various types of anemia. These include blood loss, hemolysis (destruction of red blood cells), and bone marrow failure.

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What are normocytes, microcytes, and macrocytes?

Normocytes are normal-sized red blood cells. Microcytes are smaller than normal, and macrocytes are larger than normal.

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What are some shapes of red blood cells?

Red blood cells can also have different shapes. Spherocytes are spherical, poikilocytes are irregularly shaped, and drepanocytes are sickle-shaped.

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What are the color categories of red blood cells?

Red blood cells can be described as either normochromic (normal color) or hypochromic (pale color) based on their hemoglobin content.

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What does hemoglobin level tell us?

Hemoglobin levels measure the amount of oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells. Low levels indicate anemia, while high levels suggest polycythemia.

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What is hematocrit?

Hematocrit represents the percentage of red blood cells in the total blood volume. It reflects the concentration of red blood cells.

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What is Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV)?

Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) measures the average size of red blood cells. This helps distinguish different types of anemia, like microcytic anemia (small cells) or macrocytic anemia (large cells).

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What are reticulocytes?

Reticulocytes are immature red blood cells that are still producing hemoglobin. A high reticulocyte count indicates increased red blood cell production by the bone marrow.

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What does white blood cell count indicate?

The white blood cell count assesses the number of leukocytes in the blood. Elevated counts suggest an infection.

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What is a white blood cell differential?

A differential analysis examines the different types of white blood cells and their proportions. It can reveal the presence of specific infections.

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What are bands?

Bands are immature neutrophils, a type of white blood cell. An increase in bands often indicates a bacterial infection.

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What are segmented neutrophils?

Segmented neutrophils are mature neutrophils. They are the most common type of white blood cell and their increase suggests a bacterial infection.

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What are eosinophils?

Eosinophils are a type of white blood cell that fights parasites. They are typically lower during periods of stress.

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What are monocytes?

Monocytes are a type of white blood cell that clean up debris after an infection. Elevated monocyte counts occur during recovery from infections.

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What is sickle cell disease?

Sickle cell disease is a genetic disorder that causes red blood cells to become crescent-shaped or sickle-shaped.

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What causes sickle cell disease?

Sickle cell disease is caused by a defective hemoglobin gene, resulting in sticky and rigid red blood cells.

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Why is there anemia in sickle cell disease?

Sickle-shaped red blood cells have a shorter lifespan than normal red blood cells, leading to a constant need for new red blood cells.

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What are sickle cell crises?

Sickle cell crises are painful episodes caused by blockages in blood vessels due to sickle-shaped red blood cells getting stuck.

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What is a sequestrating crisis?

Sequestration, a type of sickle cell crisis, occurs when blood pools in organs like the spleen, causing a drop in blood volume.

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What is a vasoocclusive crisis?

Vasoocclusive crises, another type of sickle cell crisis, occur when sickle-shaped red blood cells block blood vessels, causing severe pain.

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What is an aplastic crisis?

Aplastic crises are characterized by a sudden decrease in red blood cell production, often triggered by infections.

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What is a hemolytic crisis?

Hemolytic crises involve an increased rate of destruction of red blood cells, leading to anemia.

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What is sickle cell trait?

Sickle cell trait (HbAS) involves carrying one defective gene for hemoglobin. Usually, these individuals are asymptomatic unless under stress.

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What is sickle cell anemia?

Sickle cell anemia (HbSS) is caused by inheriting two defective genes for hemoglobin, leading to active sickle cell disease.

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What is hemophilia?

Hemophilia is a genetic bleeding disorder that affects clotting factor production. There are three types: A, B, and C.

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What are types A and B hemophilia?

Type A hemophilia is characterized by a deficiency in clotting factor VIII, while type B affects factor IX.

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What is Von Willebrand disease?

Von Willebrand disease (vWD) is a congenital bleeding disorder caused by a deficiency in von Willebrand factor.

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Study Notes

Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)

  • RBCs are biconcave disks containing 95% hemoglobin, essential for oxygen transport.
  • Lifespan of RBCs is approximately 120 days before they are recycled or excreted.
  • Normal RBC count varies by age:
    • Neonates: 4.1-6.1 million/mm³
    • Children 2-6 months: 3.8-5.6 million/mm³
    • Ages 1-16 years: 3.9-5.3 million/mm³
    • Ages 16-18 years: 4.2-5.4 million/mm³
  • Disorders affecting RBC production can lead to various anemias, including blood loss, hemolysis, and bone marrow failure.
  • RBC morphology types: Normocytes, microcytes, macrocytes; shapes include spherocytes, poikilocytes, drepanocytes; color categories are normochromic or hypochromic.

Evaluation of RBCs

  • Hemoglobin levels can indicate anemia (lower) or polycythemia (higher):
    • Neonate: 14.5-22.5 g/dl
    • 2 months: 9.0-14.0 g/dl
    • 6-12 years: 11.5-15.5 g/dl
    • 12-18 years: 12-16.0 g/dl
  • Hematocrit reflects RBC proportion in blood:
    • Neonate: 48-69%
    • 3 days: 44-75%
    • 2 months: 28-42%
    • 6-12 years: 35-45%
    • 12-18 years: 36-49%
  • Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) differentiates anemia types:
    • Neonate: 95-121 µm³
    • 0.5-2 years: 70-86 µm³
    • 6-12 years: 77-95 µm³
    • 12-18 years: 78-102 µm³
  • Reticulocyte Count indicates marrow production; normal range is 0.5-1.5% of total RBCs.

White Blood Cell Count and Differential

  • WBC count assesses infections and total leukocyte numbers by age:
    • Neonate: 9000-30,000/mm³
    • 1 month: 5000-19,500/mm³
    • 1-3 years: 6000-17,500/mm³
    • 8-13 years: 4500-13,500/mm³

    • 18 years: 4500-11,000/mm³

  • Differential analysis shows white blood cell types and their normal/altered levels:
    • Bands (immature neutrophils): 1-3% (increase in infection)
    • Segmented neutrophils: 50-62% (increase indicates bacterial infection)
    • Eosinophils: 0-3% (decrease with stress)
    • Monocytes: 3-7% (increase during infection recovery)

Sickle Cell Disease

  • A recessive genetic disorder linked to chromosome 11 causing defective hemoglobin and sickle-shaped RBCs.
  • Sickled cells have a lifespan of 10-20 days, leading to severe anemia due to bone marrow stress.
  • Types of crises include aplastic, hemolytic, vaso-occlusive, and sequestrating, causing organ damage and pain.
  • Common precipitants: fever, dehydration, altitude changes, stress, and dietary factors.
  • Complications include anemia, acute chest syndrome, strokes, and pulmonary conditions.
  • Prevalence is significant among African Americans (8-10% carrier rate).

Sickle Cell Variants

  • Sickle Cell Trait (HbAS): One defective gene, usually asymptomatic unless under stress.
  • Sickle Cell Anemia (HbSS): Homozygous, leads to active sickle cell disease with crises.
  • Sickle Cell HbSC Disease: Inheritance of one defective S gene and one abnormal hemoglobin C gene; milder disease.
  • HbS-beta Thalassemia: Moderate disease associated with both defective S and thalassemia genes.

Sickle Cell Crises

  • Sequestrating Crisis: Blood pools in organs, especially spleen, leading to shock; typically occurs in young children.
  • Vasoocclusive Crisis: Sickled cells occlude capillaries, causing severe ischemic pain; common in bones.
  • Aplastic Crisis: Infection causes severe drop in RBC production; can last up to 10 days.
  • Hemolytic Crisis: Sudden rise in RBC destruction leading to dangerously low hemoglobin levels.

Treatment for Sickle Cell Disease

  • Prophylactic penicillin for children to prevent pneumonia.
  • Intravenous fluids and analgesics during crises.
  • Folic acid supplements for anemia, oxygen for pulmonary issues, and blood transfusions when necessary.

Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation

  • Only curative treatment for severe sickle cell disease.
  • Involves immunosuppressive drugs and bone marrow ablation.
  • Success rates around 85% and recommended mainly for high-risk patients.

Iron Deficiency Anemia

  • Most common in children; prevalence: 3% in infants, 6-18% in toddlers, 9-11% in female adolescents.

Hemophilia

  • Genetic disorder affecting clotting factor production; three types exist (A, B, C).
  • Type A involves lack of factor VIII, whereas B lacks IX, and C affects factor XI.
  • Symptoms include excessive bleeding, unexplained bruising, joint pain.
  • Treatments range from clotting factor infusions to desmopressin.

Von Willebrand Disease

  • Congenital bleeding disorder resulting from deficiency of von Willebrand factor.
  • Has three types, characterized by varying severity in clotting deficiency.
  • Management focuses on increasing factors through medications and infusions.

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Description

Explore the fundamentals of red blood cells, including their structure, function, and lifespan. This quiz covers normal RBC count values for different age groups and highlights the importance of hemoglobin and iron in oxygen transport. Test your knowledge on erythrocyte values and morphology.

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