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Questions and Answers
Which component of blood is primarily responsible for maintaining osmotic pressure?
Which component of blood is primarily responsible for maintaining osmotic pressure?
What is the main function of erythrocytes in the blood?
What is the main function of erythrocytes in the blood?
Which type of blood cell is responsible for protecting the body against infections?
Which type of blood cell is responsible for protecting the body against infections?
Which of the following is NOT a function of blood?
Which of the following is NOT a function of blood?
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What is the primary role of platelets in the blood?
What is the primary role of platelets in the blood?
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What percentage of blood plasma is primarily composed of water?
What percentage of blood plasma is primarily composed of water?
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What type of protein aids in the clotting process of blood?
What type of protein aids in the clotting process of blood?
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Which component of blood helps to maintain acid-base balance?
Which component of blood helps to maintain acid-base balance?
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Which type of anemia is characterized by a genetic abnormality of hemoglobin subunits?
Which type of anemia is characterized by a genetic abnormality of hemoglobin subunits?
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What is a common complication associated with anemia?
What is a common complication associated with anemia?
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Which type of hypersensitivity reaction involves an overproduction of IgE?
Which type of hypersensitivity reaction involves an overproduction of IgE?
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Which lab type of anemia is commonly associated with vitamin B12 deficiency?
Which lab type of anemia is commonly associated with vitamin B12 deficiency?
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What type of immunodeficiency disease is characterized by genetically determined deficiencies of antibodies?
What type of immunodeficiency disease is characterized by genetically determined deficiencies of antibodies?
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Which fruit is suggested to enhance iron absorption?
Which fruit is suggested to enhance iron absorption?
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What type of hypersensitivity is characterized by tissue injury from antigen-antibody complexes?
What type of hypersensitivity is characterized by tissue injury from antigen-antibody complexes?
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Which vitamin deficiency is directly associated with megaloblastic anemia?
Which vitamin deficiency is directly associated with megaloblastic anemia?
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What is the primary role of erythropoietin in erythropoiesis?
What is the primary role of erythropoietin in erythropoiesis?
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Which cell type is primarily responsible for phagocytosing pathogens in innate immunity?
Which cell type is primarily responsible for phagocytosing pathogens in innate immunity?
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What function does hepcidin serve during erythropoiesis?
What function does hepcidin serve during erythropoiesis?
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During blood clotting, which factor is converted by thrombin into fibrin?
During blood clotting, which factor is converted by thrombin into fibrin?
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Which type of immunity is characterized by the production of memory cells?
Which type of immunity is characterized by the production of memory cells?
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What initiates the coagulation process after a blood vessel injury?
What initiates the coagulation process after a blood vessel injury?
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Cytotoxic T cells serve what primary function in adaptive immunity?
Cytotoxic T cells serve what primary function in adaptive immunity?
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What is a hallmark of natural immunity as opposed to acquired immunity?
What is a hallmark of natural immunity as opposed to acquired immunity?
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Study Notes
Blood Composition
- Blood consists of plasma and cells/cell fragments.
- Plasma is mainly water (~90%) and other components (~10%).
- Plasma proteins: Albumin (most abundant), Globulin, Fibrinogen, Prothrombin, Complement.
- Albumin is produced in the liver and maintains blood osmotic pressure.
- Globulin forms antibodies and acts as a carrier in blood.
- Fibrinogen and Prothrombin are clotting factors produced in the liver.
- Complement proteins help antibodies combat pathogens.
- Nutrients in plasma include glucose, amino acids, lipids, and mineral salts (sodium, potassium, magnesium).
- Cells/cell fragments include erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), and platelets (thrombocytes).
Functions of Blood
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Transportation:
- Oxygen from lungs to tissues.
- Carbon dioxide from tissues to lungs.
- Nutrients from digestive system to cells.
- Waste products from cells to kidneys and liver.
- Hormones from glands to effector organs.
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Regulation:
- Maintains pH of body fluids (~7.4).
- Regulates fluid in tissues through osmotic pressure.
- Regulates body temperature through heat redistribution .
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Protection:
- Carries cells and antibodies against pathogens (immunity).
- Contains clotting factors to prevent blood loss.
Erythropoiesis
- Production of mature RBCs (erythrocytes) from erythropoietic stem cells.
- Regulated by Erythropoietin hormone (mainly produced by the kidney, >90%, and also by the liver).
- Erythropoietin is released in response to hypoxia (e.g., fetus, high altitudes, anemia).
- Hepcidin (a peptide hormone produced by the liver) plays a role in iron absorption and release.
Immunity
- Defense against invaders and pathogens.
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Innate (natural) immunity:
- Direct, rapid, and non-specific.
- Includes skin, macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, and natural killer (NK) cells.
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Adaptive (acquired) immunity:
- Indirect, slower, and specific.
- Produces memory cells for future encounters with the same pathogen (via infections or vaccinations).
- Mechanisms:
- Humoral immunity: Antibodies produced by B lymphocytes.
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Cell-mediated Immunity: T lymphocytes:
- Helper T cells (CD4): Identify antigens and present them to phagocytes.
- Cytotoxic T cells (CD8): Destroy infected cells containing antigens.
Blood Clotting
- Coagulation: Prevents blood loss from injured blood vessels.
- Clotting factors: Normally inactive in blood circulation.
- Procoagulants: Promote clotting.
- Anticoagulants: Inhibit clotting.
- Thrombolytics: Dissolve clots.
- Normally, these factors are in balance.
- Clotting steps:
- Injured tissues release thromboplastin.
- Thromboplastin interacts with clotting factors and calcium to form prothrombin activator.
- Prothrombin activator converts prothrombin to thrombin.
- Thrombin converts soluble fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin.
- Fibrin forms a network entrapping red blood cells (the clot).
Anemia
- Deficiency of healthy RBCs or Hb for oxygen transport.
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Causes:
- Aplastic anemia: Bone marrow insufficiency, affecting all blood cells.
- Iron deficiency anemia: Insufficient iron.
- Sickle cell anemia: Abnormal sickle shape of RBCs (hemolytic anemia).
- Thalassemia: Genetic defect in hemoglobin.
- Vitamin deficiency anemia: Vitamin B12 (pernicious anemia) and folic acid deficiency (megaloblastic anemia).
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Analytical classifications:
- Microcytic hypochromic: Iron deficiency and chronic blood loss.
- Normocytic normochromic: Acute blood loss.
- Macrocytic: Vitamin B12 and folic acid deficiency.
- Symptoms & signs: Fatigue, weakness, pale or yellowish skin, irregular heartbeat, shortness of breath, headaches, dizziness, chest pain, cold hands & feet.
- Complications: Extreme fatigue, pregnancy complications, heart problems.
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Prevention & Treatment:
- Iron: Iron-rich foods (liver, beef, meats, beans, lentils, iron-fortified cereals).
- Folate: fruits, green leafy vegetables, bread, pasta, rice.
- Vitamin B-12: Meat, dairy products, fortified cereals, soy products.
- Vitamin C: (increase iron absorption) Citrus fruits, broccoli, melons, strawberries.
- Drugs & supplements: All nutrients can be provided as supplements.
Immunity Diseases
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Hypersensitivity reactions: Exaggerated immune response to an antigen causing tissue damage.
- Type I (Immediate hypersensitivity): Excessive IgE production (e.g., bronchial asthma, allergic rhinitis, and contact dermatitis).
- Type II (Cytotoxic hypersensitivity): IgG reacts with cell antigen (e.g., autoimmune hemolytic anemia, erythroblastosis fetalis, and drug-induced hemolysis).
- Type III (Immune complex disease): Antigen-antibody complex formation causing tissue destruction (e.g., vascular injury).
- Type IV (Cell-mediated hypersensitivity): Sensitized T lymphocytes (e.g., contact dermatitis).
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Immunodeficiency diseases:
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Primary: Early childhood, genetically determined
- Antibody deficiency (B-cells).
- Cell-mediated deficiency (T-cells).
- Combined T and B-cell deficiency (Severe disease).
- Complement factor deficiency.
- Secondary: Deterioration of previously strong immunity.
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Primary: Early childhood, genetically determined
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Description
Test your knowledge on the composition and functions of blood. This quiz covers key components such as plasma, red and white blood cells, and the various roles blood plays in transportation and digestion. Dive into the specifics to understand how blood supports vital physiological processes.
