Podcast
Questions and Answers
What can cause Haemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN)?
What can cause Haemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN)?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the Rh factor?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the Rh factor?
Which blood group antigen is found on the surface of type A red blood cells?
Which blood group antigen is found on the surface of type A red blood cells?
What is primarily responsible for the production of erythrocytes in adults?
What is primarily responsible for the production of erythrocytes in adults?
Signup and view all the answers
Which condition may result from an Rh incompatibility during pregnancy?
Which condition may result from an Rh incompatibility during pregnancy?
Signup and view all the answers
What role does erythropoietin play in erythropoiesis?
What role does erythropoietin play in erythropoiesis?
Signup and view all the answers
Which blood group is considered universal donor?
Which blood group is considered universal donor?
Signup and view all the answers
How is the ABO blood group system determined?
How is the ABO blood group system determined?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a key characteristic of blood group antigens?
What is a key characteristic of blood group antigens?
Signup and view all the answers
What happens during the clotting cascade?
What happens during the clotting cascade?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the O allele contribute to the ABO blood group system?
What does the O allele contribute to the ABO blood group system?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following statements about the Rh factor is true?
Which of the following statements about the Rh factor is true?
Signup and view all the answers
How is haemolytic disease of the newborn commonly prevented?
How is haemolytic disease of the newborn commonly prevented?
Signup and view all the answers
What percentage of the Australian population has O+ blood type?
What percentage of the Australian population has O+ blood type?
Signup and view all the answers
Which antigen modification occurs with the A allele in the ABO blood group system?
Which antigen modification occurs with the A allele in the ABO blood group system?
Signup and view all the answers
In the case of Rh incompatibility, what can happen during subsequent pregnancies?
In the case of Rh incompatibility, what can happen during subsequent pregnancies?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main consequence of a Rh- mother receiving Rh+ blood?
What is the main consequence of a Rh- mother receiving Rh+ blood?
Signup and view all the answers
What is typically administered to Rh- mothers during pregnancy to prevent Rh disease?
What is typically administered to Rh- mothers during pregnancy to prevent Rh disease?
Signup and view all the answers
How often are anti-Rh antibodies administered to ensure safety against haemolytic disease?
How often are anti-Rh antibodies administered to ensure safety against haemolytic disease?
Signup and view all the answers
In which scenario is the administration of anti-D immunoglobulin not necessary?
In which scenario is the administration of anti-D immunoglobulin not necessary?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a primary reason for administering anti-D immunoglobulin to an Rh- mother?
What is a primary reason for administering anti-D immunoglobulin to an Rh- mother?
Signup and view all the answers
What condition might necessitate immediate administration of anti-D immunoglobulin?
What condition might necessitate immediate administration of anti-D immunoglobulin?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a sensitizing event that may result in the need for anti-D immunoglobulin?
Which of the following is a sensitizing event that may result in the need for anti-D immunoglobulin?
Signup and view all the answers
In cases of sensitization, what is the primary concern for managing the fetus?
In cases of sensitization, what is the primary concern for managing the fetus?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of these procedures is NOT typically associated with a risk of sensitization in Rh- women?
Which of these procedures is NOT typically associated with a risk of sensitization in Rh- women?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the potential consequence for a fetus if a Rh- mother has sensitized and developed anti-D antibodies?
What is the potential consequence for a fetus if a Rh- mother has sensitized and developed anti-D antibodies?
Signup and view all the answers
Why is the issue of anti-D immunoglobulin supply a concern in some regions?
Why is the issue of anti-D immunoglobulin supply a concern in some regions?
Signup and view all the answers
What is an effect of hemolytic disease of the newborn?
What is an effect of hemolytic disease of the newborn?
Signup and view all the answers
Which blood group is NOT considered safe for a Rh- individual to receive without sensitization risks?
Which blood group is NOT considered safe for a Rh- individual to receive without sensitization risks?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Blood Composition
- Blood is 55% plasma and 45% formed elements
- Formed elements are 99% red blood cells (RBCs) and <1% white blood cells (WBCs) and platelets
- Haematocrit is the percentage of blood volume occupied by RBCs (47% ± 5% for males, 42% ± 5% for females)
Blood Plasma
- Primarily water (over 90%)
- Proteins (7%): albumin (maintains osmotic pressure), globulins (transport and antibodies), fibrinogen (blood clotting)
- Other substances: electrolytes, nutrients, hormones, gases, waste products
Blood Cells
- Red blood cells (erythrocytes): biconcave discs, contain haemoglobin (gives blood its colour)
- White blood cells (leukocytes): granular (eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils) and agranular (lymphocytes, monocytes)
- Platelets (thrombocytes): cell fragments involved in clotting
Blood Functions
- Transportation: oxygen, carbon dioxide, metabolic wastes, nutrients, heat, hormones, medications
- Regulation: pH (buffers), body temperature (absorbing and distributing heat), intracellular fluid composition
- Protection: immunity (WBCs), inflammation
Physical Characteristics of Blood
- Thicker (more viscous) than water, flows more slowly
- Temperature: 38°C
- pH: around 7.4 (range 7.35-7.45)
- Blood volume: 5-6 litres in males, 4-5 litres in females
- 8% of total body weight
Haematopoiesis (RBC Production)
- Occurs in bone marrow
- Continuously replaced (100 billion/day)
- Regulated by erythropoietin (EPO) released by kidneys
Blood Clotting
- Cascade of reactions involving clotting factors (proteins, calcium) and platelets
- Two main pathways:
- Extrinsic: occurs when damaged tissues release factors
- Intrinsic: occurs when platelets contact damaged endothelium
- Forms a fibrin meshwork that traps blood cells and forms a clot
Blood Groups
- ABO system: A, B, AB, O blood types; determined by surface antigens
- Rh factor: Rh+ or Rh- blood type; another important surface antigen
- Incompatibility can cause agglutination (clumping) leading to haemolytic reactions
- Risk of haemolytic disease of newborns (HDN) if mothers have different blood types
Learning Outcomes
- Brief description of blood layers composition and function from a haematocrit test
- Process of haemostasis & clotting cascade
- Erythrocyte production (haematopoiesis)
- Basis of blood groups and safe transfusion
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
This quiz explores the components of blood, including plasma, formed elements, and their functions. Understand the roles of red and white blood cells, platelets, and blood plasma. Test your knowledge on haematocrit levels and the various substances found in blood.
