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Questions and Answers
Punishing drug-seeking behavior can be achieved by making it 'riskier' through predictably punishing drug-seeking on one lever, which occasionally provides access to a second, taking lever.
Punishing drug-seeking behavior can be achieved by making it 'riskier' through predictably punishing drug-seeking on one lever, which occasionally provides access to a second, taking lever.
False (B)
Optogenetic stimulation of the medial prefrontal cortex, when hyperactive in compulsive drug-seeking individuals, can restore sensitivity to punishment.
Optogenetic stimulation of the medial prefrontal cortex, when hyperactive in compulsive drug-seeking individuals, can restore sensitivity to punishment.
False (B)
Rats consistently responding late in an attentional task show an increased propensity to self-administer cocaine.
Rats consistently responding late in an attentional task show an increased propensity to self-administer cocaine.
False (B)
Volunteers without a history of drug abuse, but exhibiting relatively low striatal D2/3 receptor binding, tended to find the effects of methylphenidate aversive.
Volunteers without a history of drug abuse, but exhibiting relatively low striatal D2/3 receptor binding, tended to find the effects of methylphenidate aversive.
In chronic cocaine users, there is a positive correlation between gray matter volume in the medial frontal gyrus and rectal gyrus, and the measures of compulsivity.
In chronic cocaine users, there is a positive correlation between gray matter volume in the medial frontal gyrus and rectal gyrus, and the measures of compulsivity.
Substitution treatments for stimulant drugs, like methylphenidate, have already become more effective as harm reduction strategies in combating addiction.
Substitution treatments for stimulant drugs, like methylphenidate, have already become more effective as harm reduction strategies in combating addiction.
The existence of severe mental illness has been shown to be a necessary condition contributing to addiction by diagnostic systems such as DSM-5.
The existence of severe mental illness has been shown to be a necessary condition contributing to addiction by diagnostic systems such as DSM-5.
Negative reinforcement increases the probability of behaviors producing them.
Negative reinforcement increases the probability of behaviors producing them.
The basolateral amygdala (BLA) enables an association between the conditioned stimulus (CS) such as food, and the unconditioned stimulus (US) such as an addictive drug.
The basolateral amygdala (BLA) enables an association between the conditioned stimulus (CS) such as food, and the unconditioned stimulus (US) such as an addictive drug.
Lesions of the shell subregion of the nucleus accumbens mainly reduce the rate of responding produced by the response-contingent conditioned reinforcers.
Lesions of the shell subregion of the nucleus accumbens mainly reduce the rate of responding produced by the response-contingent conditioned reinforcers.
According to opponent motivational process theory, State B is often stronger marked than State A during the first few stimulations.
According to opponent motivational process theory, State B is often stronger marked than State A during the first few stimulations.
According to research in animals, damage of mesolimbic projections toward the VTA decreases self-administration rates for cocaine.
According to research in animals, damage of mesolimbic projections toward the VTA decreases self-administration rates for cocaine.
The heritability of nicotine dependence in women has decreased from zero to in those for born in the beginning of the twentieth century.
The heritability of nicotine dependence in women has decreased from zero to in those for born in the beginning of the twentieth century.
Delay discounting (DD) reflects the tendency to choose lower, but quicker, rewards rather than higher, but delayed ones.
Delay discounting (DD) reflects the tendency to choose lower, but quicker, rewards rather than higher, but delayed ones.
Habitual behavior persists if goals are incentivized due to reward.
Habitual behavior persists if goals are incentivized due to reward.
Flashcards
Compulsive Behaviour
Compulsive Behaviour
Stimulus-response habits circuit demonstrated electrophysiologically.
Compulsive drug-seeking
Compulsive drug-seeking
Drug-seeking persists despite adverse consequences illustrating loss of control.
Positive vs Negative Reinforcers
Positive vs Negative Reinforcers
Positive reinforcers increase response probability, while negative reinforcers increase likelihood of postponement or omission.
Negative reinforcement in addiction
Negative reinforcement in addiction
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Effects of repeated drug use
Effects of repeated drug use
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Aberrant associative learning
Aberrant associative learning
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Factors for rewarding properties
Factors for rewarding properties
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Heritability of SUD
Heritability of SUD
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Impulsivity
Impulsivity
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Delay Discounting (DD)
Delay Discounting (DD)
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Allostasis
Allostasis
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Top-down cognitive control
Top-down cognitive control
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Study Notes
Blood Composition
- Whole blood consists of plasma, the buffy coat, and erythrocytes.
- Plasma makes up 55% of whole blood and is the least dense component.
- The buffy coat consists of leukocytes and platelets, making up less than 1% of whole blood.
- Erythrocytes make up 45% of whole blood and are the most dense component.
Blood Definition
- Blood is a connective tissue with a fluid matrix (plasma) and cells.
Blood Functions
- Delivers O2 and nutrients.
- Transports metabolic waste and hormones.
- Maintains body temperature and pH.
- Maintains fluid volume.
- Prevents blood loss.
- Prevents infection.
Blood Plasma Composition
- Blood plasma is composed of 90% water.
- Plasma also includes nutrients, gases, hormones, wastes, proteins, and inorganic ions.
Plasma Proteins
- Albumin (60%) maintains osmotic pressure and transports lipids, hormones, and ions.
- Globulins (36%): alpha and beta transport substances, while gamma globulins act as antibodies.
- Fibrinogen (4%) is involved in blood clotting.
Formed Elements
- Erythrocytes (RBCs) are biconcave discs without nuclei or organelles, filled with hemoglobin for gas transport.
- Leukocytes (WBCs) defend against disease through diapedesis and positive chemotaxis.
- Platelets are cell fragments involved in blood clotting.
Erythrocytes
- Have a biconcave shape, lack nuclei and organelles, for gas transport.
- Composed of >97% hemoglobin.
- Lack mitochondria, producing ATP anaerobically (without O2 consumption).
- Play a major role in determining blood viscosity.
- The biconcave shape provides a large surface area.
Leukocytes
- Defend the body against disease.
- Exhibit diapedesis (migration out of the bloodstream)
- Are drawn to infection sites by positive chemotaxis (movement towards a chemical stimulus).
Granulocytes
- Include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.
Agranulocytes
- Include lymphocytes and monocytes.
Platelets
- Cell fragments.
- Function in blood clotting.
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