Blood Composition and Functions
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of transferrin in the blood?

  • Transporting iron to cells (correct)
  • Transporting oxygen to tissues
  • Binding waste products for excretion
  • Carrying carbon dioxide from tissues to lungs

    • What percentage of carbon dioxide in the blood is typically bound to hemoglobin?

  • ~55%
  • ~66% (correct)
  • ~7%
  • ~27%

    • Which of the following are symptoms of anemia?

  • Heart palpitations (correct)
  • Elevated energy levels
  • Increased appetite
  • Skin pallor (correct)

    • What can cause sickle cell anemia?

    <p>A mutation causing an amino acid substitution in hemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage composition of plasma in whole blood?

    <p>55%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which condition might you find erythrocytosis?

    <p>In individuals living at high altitudes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following waste products serves no function in blood plasma?

    <p>Creatinine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Carbon dioxide produced during cellular respiration is primarily carried in the blood in what form?

    <p>as bicarbonate (HCO3−)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell type in circulating blood is the precursor to microglia?

    <p>Monocyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Increased circulating numbers of which cell type are likely to be found during parasitic infections?

    <p>Eosinophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate lifespan of a circulating erythrocyte?

    <p>4 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following blood cells differentiate outside of the bone marrow?

    <p>T lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key identifying feature of basophils among white blood cells?

    <p>Presence of large granules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of neutrophils during infection?

    <p>To engulf and digest microorganisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate diameter range of neutrophils in blood?

    <p>12-15 μm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long is the half-life of neutrophils in blood?

    <p>6-8 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which process do neutrophils become amoeboid and active?

    <p>Diapedesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do azurophilic granules in neutrophils primarily aid in?

    <p>Killing and degrading microorganisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomenon leads to the formation of superoxide anions during phagocytosis?

    <p>Increased oxygen consumption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structural characteristic may be observed in the neutrophil nuclei of females?

    <p>Drumstick-like appendage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which environment are neutrophils capable of surviving in?

    <p>Anaerobic environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are two proinflammatory cytokines released by neutrophils?

    <p>Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the process of neutrophil migration, which structure helps neutrophils adhere to the endothelium?

    <p>Selectins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which neutrophils migrate out of circulation into tissues called?

    <p>Diapedesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical lifespan of neutrophils?

    <p>1-4 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic identifies eosinophils under a microscope?

    <p>Large, acidophilic specific granules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What substance is primarily produced by neutrophils through the activity of NADPH oxidase?

    <p>Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of leukocyte primarily kills and phagocytoses bacteria?

    <p>Neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage range of circulating neutrophils in the blood?

    <p>50-70%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does an NADPH oxidase deficiency have on neutrophils?

    <p>Reduced motility and killing power</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following leukocytes modulate local inflammation and release histamine during allergic responses?

    <p>Basophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do chemokines do during neutrophil migration?

    <p>Attract neutrophils to the site of injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Eosinophils primarily target which types of invaders?

    <p>Helminths and other parasites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary content of eosinophilic-specific granules?

    <p>Major basic proteins (MBP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Monocytes can differentiate into which type of cells?

    <p>Macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structural feature distinguishes neutrophils from eosinophils?

    <p>3-5 lobes in the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which leukocyte type is involved in adaptive immunity?

    <p>Lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The lifespan of eosinophils is typically how long?

    <p>1-2 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of leukocyte constitutes the smallest percentage of circulating leukocytes?

    <p>Basophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do eosinophils play in relation to parasitic infections?

    <p>They act to kill parasitic worms or helminths.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which types of conditions do eosinophil numbers typically increase?

    <p>During helminthic infections and allergic reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical percentage range of eosinophils among leukocytes?

    <p>1%-4%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature distinguishes eosinophils from neutrophils in blood smears?

    <p>Eosinophils have a characteristic bilobed nucleus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of tissue are eosinophils particularly abundant?

    <p>Connective tissue of the intestinal lining.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary function do eosinophils serve during allergic reactions?

    <p>They remove antigen-antibody complexes from interstitial fluid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can eosinophils release to modulate inflammatory responses?

    <p>Chemokines, cytokines, and lipid mediators.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes eosinophils in inflammatory sites, such as lung tissues of asthma patients?

    <p>They show a marked increase in number.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Blood Composition

    • Blood is a specialized connective tissue consisting of cells and fluid extracellular material (plasma).
    • About 5 liters of blood moves unidirectionally in the closed circulatory system.
    • Formed elements in plasma include erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), and platelets.
    • When blood leaves the circulatory system, plasma proteins form a clot, including formed elements and a pale yellow liquid called serum.

    Blood Plasma

    • Plasma is an aqueous solution (pH 7.4) containing low and high molecular weight substances.
    • Plasma proteins (7% of volume) are mostly dissolved components.
    • Other components include nutrients, respiratory gases, nitrogenous waste products, hormones, and electrolytes.
    • The composition of plasma generally reflects the composition of extracellular fluids in tissues.
    • Major plasma proteins include albumin (most abundant), globulins (alpha and beta), and fibrinogen.

    Blood Cells

    • Erythrocytes (red blood cells) are terminally differentiated structures without nuclei.
    • They contain hemoglobin, a protein that carries oxygen.
    • Erythrocytes are the primary means for oxygen transport in the body.
    • They have a lifespan of about 120 days.
    • Erythrocytes lack organelles and rely on anaerobic glycolysis for energy.
    • Leukocytes (white blood cells) are the body's major defense against infection.
    • They have diverse functions and are generally spherical in circulating blood.
    • They become motile at infection or inflammation sites.

    Granulocytes

    • Granulocytes have numerous cytoplasmic granules containing lysosomes and specific granules.
    • These granules bind to neutral, basic, or acidic stains according to cell type (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils).
    • Their nuclei have two or more lobes.

    Agranulocytes

    • Agranulocytes lack specific granules but contain azurophilic granules.
    • The nucleus is usually spherical or indented.
    • Lymphocytes and monocytes belong to this group.

    Platelets

    • Platelets (thrombocytes) are non-nucleated cell fragments.
    • They play a crucial role in clot formation and repair of minor tears or leaks in small blood vessels.
    • Platelets are essential for stopping bleeding.

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    Blood PDF

    Description

    This quiz explores the components and functions of blood, including blood cells, plasma, and the roles of different proteins. Understand the significance of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and the composition of plasma in the circulatory system. Test your knowledge on how these elements interact and their importance in maintaining bodily functions.

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