Blood Composition and Functions
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of transferrin in the blood?

  • Transporting iron to cells (correct)
  • Transporting oxygen to tissues
  • Binding waste products for excretion
  • Carrying carbon dioxide from tissues to lungs

What percentage of carbon dioxide in the blood is typically bound to hemoglobin?

  • ~55%
  • ~66% (correct)
  • ~7%
  • ~27%

Which of the following are symptoms of anemia?

  • Heart palpitations (correct)
  • Elevated energy levels
  • Increased appetite
  • Skin pallor (correct)

What can cause sickle cell anemia?

<p>A mutation causing an amino acid substitution in hemoglobin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage composition of plasma in whole blood?

<p>55% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which condition might you find erythrocytosis?

<p>In individuals living at high altitudes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following waste products serves no function in blood plasma?

<p>Creatinine (A), Bilirubin (B), Lactic acid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Carbon dioxide produced during cellular respiration is primarily carried in the blood in what form?

<p>as bicarbonate (HCO3−) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cell type in circulating blood is the precursor to microglia?

<p>Monocyte (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Increased circulating numbers of which cell type are likely to be found during parasitic infections?

<p>Eosinophils (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate lifespan of a circulating erythrocyte?

<p>4 months (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following blood cells differentiate outside of the bone marrow?

<p>T lymphocytes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key identifying feature of basophils among white blood cells?

<p>Presence of large granules (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of neutrophils during infection?

<p>To engulf and digest microorganisms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate diameter range of neutrophils in blood?

<p>12-15 μm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long is the half-life of neutrophils in blood?

<p>6-8 hours (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which process do neutrophils become amoeboid and active?

<p>Diapedesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do azurophilic granules in neutrophils primarily aid in?

<p>Killing and degrading microorganisms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon leads to the formation of superoxide anions during phagocytosis?

<p>Increased oxygen consumption (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structural characteristic may be observed in the neutrophil nuclei of females?

<p>Drumstick-like appendage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which environment are neutrophils capable of surviving in?

<p>Anaerobic environment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are two proinflammatory cytokines released by neutrophils?

<p>Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) (A), Interleukin-1 (IL-1) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the process of neutrophil migration, which structure helps neutrophils adhere to the endothelium?

<p>Selectins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which neutrophils migrate out of circulation into tissues called?

<p>Diapedesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical lifespan of neutrophils?

<p>1-4 days (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic identifies eosinophils under a microscope?

<p>Large, acidophilic specific granules (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What substance is primarily produced by neutrophils through the activity of NADPH oxidase?

<p>Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of leukocyte primarily kills and phagocytoses bacteria?

<p>Neutrophils (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage range of circulating neutrophils in the blood?

<p>50-70% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does an NADPH oxidase deficiency have on neutrophils?

<p>Reduced motility and killing power (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following leukocytes modulate local inflammation and release histamine during allergic responses?

<p>Basophils (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do chemokines do during neutrophil migration?

<p>Attract neutrophils to the site of injury (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Eosinophils primarily target which types of invaders?

<p>Helminths and other parasites (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary content of eosinophilic-specific granules?

<p>Major basic proteins (MBP) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Monocytes can differentiate into which type of cells?

<p>Macrophages (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structural feature distinguishes neutrophils from eosinophils?

<p>3-5 lobes in the nucleus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which leukocyte type is involved in adaptive immunity?

<p>Lymphocytes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The lifespan of eosinophils is typically how long?

<p>1-2 weeks (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of leukocyte constitutes the smallest percentage of circulating leukocytes?

<p>Basophils (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do eosinophils play in relation to parasitic infections?

<p>They act to kill parasitic worms or helminths. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which types of conditions do eosinophil numbers typically increase?

<p>During helminthic infections and allergic reactions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical percentage range of eosinophils among leukocytes?

<p>1%-4% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feature distinguishes eosinophils from neutrophils in blood smears?

<p>Eosinophils have a characteristic bilobed nucleus. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which type of tissue are eosinophils particularly abundant?

<p>Connective tissue of the intestinal lining. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primary function do eosinophils serve during allergic reactions?

<p>They remove antigen-antibody complexes from interstitial fluid. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can eosinophils release to modulate inflammatory responses?

<p>Chemokines, cytokines, and lipid mediators. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes eosinophils in inflammatory sites, such as lung tissues of asthma patients?

<p>They show a marked increase in number. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Nutrient distribution

Nutrients are transported from their creation points or absorption sites.

Blood plasma composition

Plasma is 98% water with dissolved substances, some bound to hemoglobin in RBCs.

Cellular Waste

Waste products of metabolism, like lactic acid, creatinine, and urea, are found in the blood plasma.

Carbon Dioxide Transport

Most of the body's waste carbon dioxide is transported bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells.

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Anemia symptoms

Symptoms of anemia include fatigue, shortness of breath, skin pallor, and heart palpitations.

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Sickle Cell Anemia Cause

Sickle cell anemia arises from a specific genetic mutation affecting hemoglobin, leading to rigid RBCs.

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Erythrocytosis/Polycythemia

High red blood cell count, often a response to low oxygen levels.

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Blood transport factors

Proteins like transferrin, fibronectin and clotting factors are involved in transporting substances in blood plasma.

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Neutrophil count

Neutrophils make up 50-70% of circulating leukocytes.

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Neutrophil Function

Kill and phagocytose bacteria.

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Eosinophil Function

Kill parasites and modulate inflammation.

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Basophil function

Modulate inflammation and release histamine in allergies.

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Lymphocyte Function

Part of the adaptive immune system, both effector and regulatory.

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Monocyte function

Become macrophages and other phagocytic cells.

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Granulocytes

Leukocytes with granules in their cytoplasm.

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Agranulocytes

Leukocytes without granules in their cytoplasm.

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Leukocytes

White blood cells.

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Differential Count

Percentage of different types of leukocytes in a blood sample.

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Neutrophil diameter

Neutrophils, a type of white blood cell, are 12-15 micrometers in diameter.

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Neutrophil nucleus

Neutrophil nuclei have two to five lobes connected by thin extensions.

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Neutrophil lifespan

Neutrophils survive for 1-4 days in connective tissue and 6-8 hours in blood.

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Neutrophil activation

Neutrophils change from a spherical to an amoeboid shape during activation or diapedesis, and become highly active.

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Neutrophil granules

Neutrophils contain two types of granules: azurophilic and specific. Azurophilic granules are involved in killing and digesting bacteria.

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Phagocytosis

Engulfing and destroying bacteria and debris by neutrophils.

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Neutrophil's anaerobic environment

Neutrophils can function effectively in low oxygen environments, aiding in bacterial eradication and cleanup in damaged tissues.

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Eosinophil appearance

Eosinophils are slightly larger than neutrophils with a bilobed nucleus and characteristic large, specific granules.

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Eosinophil location

Eosinophils are abundant in connective tissue of the intestinal lining and at sites of chronic inflammation like asthma.

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Eosinophil role in inflammation

Eosinophils help control inflammation by releasing chemokines, cytokines, and lipid mediators.

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Eosinophil vs. Neutrophil

Eosinophils are less common than neutrophils and are slightly larger, with distinct granules and a bilobed nucleus.

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Eosinophil & IgE

Eosinophils are involved in IgE-mediated allergy reactions. IgE binds to allergens, triggering eosinophil activation.

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Eosinophil role in parasite defense

Eosinophils produce enzymes like eosinophilic peroxidase that kill parasitic worms.

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Eosinophils & Helminths

Eosinophils are critical in fighting helminthic infections (worm infestations).

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What are the initial signals that trigger the inflammatory response?

Damaged or infected tissues release proinflammatory cytokines like interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), which signal nearby blood vessels to initiate the inflammatory response.

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How do endothelial cells respond to inflammatory signals?

Endothelial cells lining blood vessels respond to proinflammatory cytokines by rapidly inserting glycoprotein selectins on their surface. These selectins help attract and bind neutrophils.

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What is the role of selectins in neutrophil migration?

Selectins on endothelial cells bind to specific glycoproteins on the surface of neutrophils. This binding causes the neutrophils to adhere loosely and roll along the inner surface of the blood vessel.

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What is diapedesis?

Diapedesis is the process by which neutrophils migrate from the blood vessel lumen into the surrounding tissue by squeezing through the spaces between endothelial cells.

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What's unique about neutrophil shape and how does it help with migration?

Neutrophils have elongated, segmented nuclei, which facilitate their rapid migration through the blood vessel wall by allowing them to change shape more easily.

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What is pus?

Pus is a yellowish, viscous fluid that accumulates at the site of inflammation and contains a mixture of dead neutrophils, bacteria, and tissue fluid. It is a sign of infection.

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What are eosinophilic-specific granules?

Eosinophilic-specific granules are found in eosinophils, a type of white blood cell. These granules contain major basic proteins (MBP), which play a role in fighting parasites and allergic reactions.

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What is the function of major basic proteins (MBP)?

Major basic proteins (MBP) are found in eosinophilic-specific granules and are responsible for the acidophilic staining of these granules. MBPs play a crucial role in combating parasites and allergic reactions.

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What cell type increases during infection?

Neutrophils are the most abundant white blood cell in circulation and increase during an infection to fight off bacteria.

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Which cell gives rise to microglia?

Microglia, the resident immune cells of the brain, originate from monocytes that differentiate into macrophages.

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Erythrocyte lifespan

A circulating erythrocyte (red blood cell) has an average lifespan of about 120 days before being removed from circulation.

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Where do T lymphocytes mature?

Unlike most other blood cells, T lymphocytes mature outside the bone marrow, specifically in the thymus.

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What happens to monocytes?

Monocytes differentiate into macrophages, phagocytic cells that engulf and destroy pathogens, cellular debris, and foreign material.

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Study Notes

Blood Composition

  • Blood is a specialized connective tissue consisting of cells and fluid extracellular material (plasma).
  • About 5 liters of blood moves unidirectionally in the closed circulatory system.
  • Formed elements in plasma include erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), and platelets.
  • When blood leaves the circulatory system, plasma proteins form a clot, including formed elements and a pale yellow liquid called serum.

Blood Plasma

  • Plasma is an aqueous solution (pH 7.4) containing low and high molecular weight substances.
  • Plasma proteins (7% of volume) are mostly dissolved components.
  • Other components include nutrients, respiratory gases, nitrogenous waste products, hormones, and electrolytes.
  • The composition of plasma generally reflects the composition of extracellular fluids in tissues.
  • Major plasma proteins include albumin (most abundant), globulins (alpha and beta), and fibrinogen.

Blood Cells

  • Erythrocytes (red blood cells) are terminally differentiated structures without nuclei.
  • They contain hemoglobin, a protein that carries oxygen.
  • Erythrocytes are the primary means for oxygen transport in the body.
  • They have a lifespan of about 120 days.
  • Erythrocytes lack organelles and rely on anaerobic glycolysis for energy.
  • Leukocytes (white blood cells) are the body's major defense against infection.
  • They have diverse functions and are generally spherical in circulating blood.
  • They become motile at infection or inflammation sites.

Granulocytes

  • Granulocytes have numerous cytoplasmic granules containing lysosomes and specific granules.
  • These granules bind to neutral, basic, or acidic stains according to cell type (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils).
  • Their nuclei have two or more lobes.

Agranulocytes

  • Agranulocytes lack specific granules but contain azurophilic granules.
  • The nucleus is usually spherical or indented.
  • Lymphocytes and monocytes belong to this group.

Platelets

  • Platelets (thrombocytes) are non-nucleated cell fragments.
  • They play a crucial role in clot formation and repair of minor tears or leaks in small blood vessels.
  • Platelets are essential for stopping bleeding.

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Blood PDF

Description

This quiz explores the components and functions of blood, including blood cells, plasma, and the roles of different proteins. Understand the significance of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and the composition of plasma in the circulatory system. Test your knowledge on how these elements interact and their importance in maintaining bodily functions.

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