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Questions and Answers
What is the primary site of hemopoiesis during the early weeks of embryonic life?
Which plasma protein is primarily produced by the liver?
What happens to the A/G ratio in liver disease due to altered protein synthesis?
At what point does blood cell production shift mainly to the liver and lymph nodes?
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Which anatomical locations primarily house the red marrow responsible for blood cell formation after age 20?
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What is the result of increased demand for blood cell production in pathological states?
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What is the primary function of multipotent uncommitted stem cells in the bone marrow?
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What occurs during extramedullary hemopoiesis?
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What is one of the main functions of blood in the body?
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What is the primary function of albumin in plasma proteins?
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Which plasma protein is primarily responsible for blood clotting?
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What percentage of blood volume is made up of plasma in a typical adult?
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How does plasma contribute to the buffering capacity of blood?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of blood?
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What is the significance of the colloid osmotic pressure in the blood?
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What is the average normal concentration of globulins in plasma?
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Study Notes
Blood Composition and Function
- Blood is a viscous fluid that is pumped by the heart through the circulatory system.
- It is composed of cells: red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, which are suspended in plasma.
- Blood transports oxygen and nutrients to tissues, carries carbon dioxide to the lungs, and waste products for excretion by kidneys.
- Plays a role in regulating body temperature, pH, and electrolyte concentrations.
- Protects the body by combating microorganisms, mediating inflammation, and initiating immune responses.
- Normal blood volume is about 8% of body weight.
- Plasma constitutes about 55% of blood volume.
Plasma
- Plasma is part of the extracellular fluid and is an aqueous solution of proteins, electrolytes, and small organic molecules.
- Plasma protein concentration is about 7 gm/dl.
Plasma Protein Functions
- Albumin, a major plasma protein, contributes to colloid osmotic pressure which pulls water into the blood.
- Plasma proteins help maintain blood pH by contributing to buffering capacity.
- They transport hormones and other substances in the blood.
- Antibodies found in the δ globulin fraction of plasma proteins play a crucial role in immunity.
- Fibrinogen and other plasma proteins are involved in blood clotting.
- Plasma proteins can serve as a source of protein for tissues when depleted.
Hemopoiesis: Blood Cell Production
- Hemopoiesis, the process of blood cell formation, occurs in different sites during development.
- Early embryonic development: yolk sac.
- Third month of pregnancy: liver, lymph nodes, and spleen.
- Latter part of fetal life and after birth: bone marrow.
- Adults: red bone marrow of flat or membranous bones (vertebrae, sternum, ribs, pelvis, etc.).
- The yellow marrow of long bones (except for the upper humerus and femur) becomes inactive after childhood, producing no blood cells.
- Maturation, activation, and proliferation of lymphoid cells occur in secondary lymphoid organs (spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes).
- In pathological states with increased blood cell demand, red marrow can reappear in the shafts of long bones.
Extramedullary Hemopoiesis
- Occurs in the liver, spleen, and other sites when bone marrow is destroyed, leading to blood cell production outside the bone marrow.
Bone Marrow
- Bone marrow is one of the largest organs in the body, highly active.
- Contains multipotent uncommitted stem cells that give rise to all circulating blood cells.
- Stem cells have the ability to self-renew and differentiate into committed myeloid and lymphoid stem cells.
Committed Myeloid Stem Cells
- Differentiate further into various specific cell types:
- Committed stem cells for erythrocytes: colony-forming unit-erythrocyte (CFU-E).
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Description
Explore the essential components and functions of blood in this quiz. Understand how blood cells and plasma work together to transport nutrients, regulate body functions, and protect against disease. Delve into the roles of various plasma proteins and their importance in maintaining homeostasis.
