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Questions and Answers
What is the primary purpose of using anticoagulants in stored blood?
What is the maximum shelf-life of whole blood when heparin is used as the anticoagulant?
What temperature range is typically used for the storage of whole blood?
In patients with low platelet counts, what is the main purpose of transfusing platelets?
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What is the required minimum number of platelets contained in a unit of suspended platelets?
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What is the maximum shelf-life of frozen red blood cell fractions?
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Which of the following is a major disadvantage of colloidal therapy?
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What is the primary function of plasma expanders?
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What is the role of high molecular mass dextrans in medical treatment?
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What risk is associated with the use of dextrans?
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How does human serum albumin (HSA) help in maintaining vascular volume?
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What concentration is a typical administration dosage of high molecular mass dextrans?
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What feature of human serum albumin contributes to its stability?
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What is the role of administering low molecular mass dextran before higher molecular mass dextrans?
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What is the primary component that human serum albumin transports in the vascular system?
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Study Notes
Whole Blood
- Blood withdrawn from humans, aseptically
- Anticoagulants used: heparin or citrate–dextrose
- Shelf Life: 48 hours (heparin), 35 days (citrate–phosphate–dextrose with adenine)
- Screened for pathogens, ABO group, Rh group
- Warmed to 37 °C before transfusion
- Used to replace blood lost due to injury or surgery
Platelets
- Resuspended in 20-50 ml of original plasma, contain at least 5.5 x 10^10 platelets/unit
- Shelf life: 72 hours
- Transfused to prevent or stop bleeding in patients with low platelet counts or functional platelet disorders
Concentrated Red Blood Cells
- Prepared from whole blood, anticoagulant and some plasma removed
- Stored at 2-8 °C (unfrozen) or below -65 °C (frozen)
- Shelf life: same as whole blood (unfrozen), 3 years (frozen)
- Administered to patients with severe anemia, sickle cell anemia, and newborns with hemolytic disease
Blood Substitutes
- Replace or maintain blood volume
- Ensure oxygen delivery to body tissues
Plasma Expanders
- Maintain blood pressure by providing vascular fluid volume
Colloidal Plasma Expanders
- Exert osmotic pressure similar to plasma protein, maintaining vascular volume and blood pressure
- Disadvantages: high cost, hypersensitivity risk
High Molecular Mass Dextrans (70, 75, 110)
- Promote short-term plasma volume expansion, preventing/treating shock due to blood loss
- 6% w/v solution exerts osmotic pressure similar to plasma proteins
- Initial dose: 500 ml to 1 liter administered intravenously
- Inhibit red blood cell aggregation, used to prevent/treat post-operative thromboembolic disorders and improve blood flow
Lower Molecular Mass Dextran 40 (40 kDa)
- Similar therapeutic effects to higher molecular mass dextrans
- Used at higher concentrations (10% w/v) to achieve the same osmotic pressure
Dextrans Limitations
- Dextrans 40 and 70 linked to acute renal failure
- Infusion can prompt severe anaphylactic shock
- Many patients have anti-dextran antibodies, even without prior dextran administration
- Prevention: small volume (10-20 ml) of low molecular mass dextran (Dextran 1) administered before higher molecular mass infusion to ‘mop up’ antibodies
Albumin
- Most abundant protein in blood
- Normal concentration: 42 g/liter, 60% of total plasma protein
- Responsible for 80% of blood's colloidal osmotic pressure, retaining fluid within blood vessels
- Also present in lymphatic system and skin
- Transports metabolites: fatty acids, amino acids, steroid hormones, heavy metals, drugs
HSA Structure
- 585 amino acid, 65.5 kDa polypeptide
- Unglycosylated
- 17 disulfide bonds stabilize 3D structure
- Synthesized and secreted by liver, gene located on chromosome 4
Albumin Therapeutic Use
- Used to increase plasma volume in patients with hypovolemia due to burns, trauma, or surgery
- Used to maintain blood pressure in shock
- Can also be used to treat ascites (fluid buildup in the abdomen) in people with cirrhosis of the liver
- May be used as a substitute for plasma in emergency situations where plasma is not available
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Description
This quiz covers essential information about various blood components, including whole blood, platelets, and concentrated red blood cells. It details their preparation, storage conditions, shelf life, and clinical applications. Test your knowledge on the importance of blood substitutes and their role in medical treatments.
