Blood Components and Functions

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary role of erythrocytes in the blood?

  • Fighting off infections by phagocytosis
  • Regulating body temperature
  • Initiating the blood clotting process
  • Transporting oxygen via hemoglobin (correct)

Which of the following best describes the series of events in hemostasis?

  • Platelet plug formation, coagulation, vascular spasm, thrombolysis, clot retraction
  • Coagulation, vascular spasm, thrombolysis, platelet plug formation, clot retraction
  • Clot retraction, coagulation, vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, thrombolysis
  • Vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, coagulation, clot retraction, thrombolysis (correct)

How do basophils contribute to the inflammatory response?

  • By directly killing bacteria through phagocytosis
  • By maturing into macrophages that engulf cellular debris
  • By releasing granules that mediate inflammation (correct)
  • By secreting antibodies to neutralize foreign antigens

What role does erythropoietin play in erythropoiesis?

<p>It promotes the maturation of proerythroblasts into erythrocytes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the breakdown of hemoglobin, what happens to the heme group?

<p>It is converted into bilirubin and sent to the liver. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of blood is primarily responsible for transporting nutrients, hormones, and waste products?

<p>Plasma (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the critical role of von Willebrand factor (vWF) in hemostasis?

<p>It binds platelets to collagen fibers at the site of vessel injury. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do T lymphocytes contribute to immune function?

<p>They directly destroy cancer cells or cells infected with viruses. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What antigens are present in a person with type AB+ blood?

<p>Both A and B antigens, and Rh antigens (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a universal donor of blood?

<p>Type O- (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the structure of hemoglobin facilitate its function in oxygen transport?

<p>Each hemoglobin molecule contains four polypeptide subunits, each with an iron-containing heme group that can bind to one oxygen molecule. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which erythropoietin (EPO) increases red blood cell production?

<p>It enhances the differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells into proerythroblasts in the bone marrow. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the most accurate description of how old or damaged erythrocytes are processed in the body?

<p>They are broken down in the spleen, where iron and amino acids are recycled, and heme is converted to bilirubin. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the activation of platelets contribute to the process of hemostasis?

<p>By adhering to exposed collagen and releasing substances that attract more platelets, leading to the formation of a platelet plug. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) in thrombolysis?

<p>It activates plasminogen, which then degrades fibrin and dissolves the clot. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the presence or absence of specific antigens on erythrocytes determine an individual's ABO blood type?

<p>The presence of A and B antigens determine the blood type; type O individuals have neither A nor B antigens. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do anticoagulants like antithrombin-III and protein C regulate blood clotting?

<p>By inhibiting the activation of clotting factors, thus preventing excessive clot formation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of von Willebrand factor (vWF) in the initial stages of hemostasis?

<p>vWF helps platelets adhere to exposed collagen fibers at the site of vascular injury. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do basophils contribute to the inflammatory response in damaged tissues?

<p>By releasing granules containing substances like histamine, which promote inflammation, and heparin, which prevents clotting. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a patient with type A+ blood requires a blood transfusion, which blood types are considered safe options for transfusion?

<p>Type A+ and type O+ blood are both considered safe options. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Formed elements in blood

Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets.

Functions of blood

Gas exchange, solute distribution, immunity, temperature, acid-base, blood pressure homeostasis, and sealing damaged vessels.

Hemoglobin

A protein with four polypeptide subunits, each containing an iron-containing heme group that binds to oxygen.

Erythropoiesis

The process of red blood cell formation in red bone marrow, starting with hematopoietic stem cells and requiring erythropoietin.

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Anemia

Anemia is the decreased oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. Anemia cause fatigue and weakness.

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Granulocytes

Leukocytes with visible cytoplasmic granules and lobed nuclei.

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Agranulocytes

Leukocytes lacking visible cytoplasmic granules (lymphocytes and monocytes)

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Hemostasis

Stopping blood loss from an injured vessel, involving platelets and clotting factors.

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Blood clot composition

Platelets, clotting proteins, and other formed components.

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Blood Typing

Two major groups of erythrocyte antigens: ABO and Rh blood groups. Blood type is based on the presence or absence of these antigens.

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Erythrocytes

Red blood cells, primarily a plasma membrane around cytosol with enzymes and hemoglobin.

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Erythrocyte Recycling

Occurs in the spleen; iron and amino acids are recycled, and heme is converted to bilirubin.

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Neutrophils

The most common type of leukocyte that kills bacteria by phagocytosis.

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Eosinophils Function

Respond to parasitic worm infections and are involved in allergic responses.

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Leukopoiesis

The process of leukocyte formation.

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Vascular Spasm

Begins with vessel injury, exposing collagen fibers that activate platelets.

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Platelet Plug Formation

Occurs with contents activating and attracting more platelets, forming a plug.

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Coagulation

Enzymes convert fibrinogen to fibrin, which glues the platelet plug together.

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Clot Retraction

Occurs as the wound edges are brought closer together.

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Study Notes

Overview of Blood

  • The three formed elements in blood are erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets
  • Plasma comprises 55% of total blood volume and consists of water, plasma proteins, and dissolved solutes
  • Blood functions include:
    • Gas exchange
    • Solute distribution
    • Immunity
    • Temperature regulation
    • Acid-base balance
    • Blood pressure homeostasis
    • Sealing damaged vessels

Erythrocytes and Oxygen Transport

  • Erythrocytes primarily consist of a plasma membrane enclosing cytosol with enzymes and hemoglobin
  • Hemoglobin is a protein with four polypeptide subunits, each containing an iron-containing heme group
  • Heme groups bind to oxygen, forming oxyhemoglobin
  • Erythropoiesis occurs in red bone marrow, initiated by hematopoietic stem cells
  • Erythropoiesis requires erythropoietin
  • Regulation involves increased rate of erythropoiesis, decreased time of erythrocyte maturation, and hematocrit rises
  • Old/damaged erythrocytes are destroyed in the spleen
  • Iron and polypeptide chains of hemoglobin are recycled; the heme group is converted into bilirubin
  • Anemia described as decreased oxygen-carrying capacity of blood

Leukocytes and Immune Function

  • Granulocytes have visible cytoplasmic granules and lobed nuclei
    • Neutrophils are most common leukocytes and kill bacteria by phagocytosis
    • Eosinophils respond to parasitic worm infections and are involved in allergic reactions
    • Basophil granules mediate inflammation
  • Agranulocytes lack visible cytoplasmic granules
    • Lymphocytes are the second most numerous leukocyte
      • B lymphocytes secrete antibodies
      • T lymphocytes destroy cancer or virally infected cells.
    • Monocytes mature into macrophages
    • Leukopoiesis is the process of leukocyte formation
  • All leukocytes derive from hematopoietic stem cells, which divide into lymphoid and myeloid cell lines

Platelets

  • Platelets originate from the myeloid cell line

Hemostasis

  • Hemostasis stops blood loss from injured vessels, carried out by platelets and clotting factors
  • A blood clot consists of platelets, clotting proteins, and formed elements
  • The five phases of hemostasis are:
    • Vascular spasm
    • Platelet plug formation
    • Coagulation
    • Clot retraction
    • Thrombolysis
  • Clotting is regulated by anticoagulants like antithrombin-III and protein C

Blood Typing and Matching

  • ABO and Rh blood groups are the two major groups of erythrocyte antigens
  • Blood type is based on the presence or absence of ABO and Rh antigens
  • Antibodies bind and agglutinate antigens
    • The three antibodies possibly present in blood are anti-A, anti-B, and anti-Rh
  • Blood matching for transfusions is based on antigens and antibodies
  • Type O− is the universal donor, and type AB+ is the universal recipient

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