Blood Components and Agglutination

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of administering the anti-D antibody to expectant mothers?

To improve fetal hemoglobin levels

To treat existing Rh immunoglobulin deficiency

To enhance maternal immune response

To prevent the formation of D antibodies (correct)

At what gestational age is the anti-D antibody typically administered?

32 to 36 weeks

24 to 28 weeks

20 to 24 weeks

28 to 30 weeks (correct)

What complication does erythroblastosis fetalis primarily lead to in pregnancies?

Delayed fetal development

Severe fetal anemia (correct)

Increased risk of infection

Excessive maternal blood loss

Which factor can lead to a sensitized mother producing D antibodies in future pregnancies?

Not administering anti-D during first pregnancy Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism believed to be employed by Rh immunoglobulin to prevent sensitization?

Inhibiting B lymphocyte antibody production Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of large amounts of D antibodies developing during a second pregnancy?

Severe jaundice in the neonate Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is accurate regarding Rh sensitization?

It may happen through transfusion of Rh+ blood Signup and view all the answers

How does the presence of anti-D antibodies in the mother affect future pregnancies?

It increases the risk of fetal anemia Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the antibodies during a transfusion reaction involving mismatched blood?

To cause agglutination and lysis of RBCs. Signup and view all the answers

What process describes the clumping of blood cells due to the presence of antibodies?

Agglutination Signup and view all the answers

In blood typing, what does 'forward typing' specifically determine?

Expression of donor and recipient blood antigens. Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of acute hemolysis during a blood transfusion?

Immediate rupture of red blood cells. Signup and view all the answers

What method is used to confirm the presence of anti-A and anti-B antibodies in a patient's plasma?

Reverse typing Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism results in the release of proteolytic enzymes during transfusion reactions?

Activation of the complement system Signup and view all the answers

Which component of blood is described as plasma after coagulation factors have been removed?

Serum Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of using monoclonal typing sera in blood typing procedures?

To characterize A and B antigen expression. Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential outcome if acute kidney failure is not resolved after a transfusion reaction?

The patient dies within a week to 12 days. Signup and view all the answers

What defines an isograft in transplantation terminology?

Transplant from one identical twin to the other. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common lethal complication following a blood transfusion?

Acute renal failure. Signup and view all the answers

Under what circumstances is a patient likely to need an artificial kidney?

If acute kidney failure occurs and is unresolved. Signup and view all the answers

What is the time frame in which acute kidney failure can begin after a transfusion reaction?

Within a few minutes to a few hours. Signup and view all the answers

What can cause jaundice in the body fluids?

An increase in bilirubin concentration Signup and view all the answers

Which blood type should a type B+ recipient ideally receive?

Type B+ Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of hemolyzing more than 400 ml of blood in less than a day?

It guarantees jaundice will appear. Signup and view all the answers

Why can type O− blood be used as a universal donor?

It lacks any antigens that provoke an immune response. Signup and view all the answers

What role does blood type AB+ have in transfusion?

It can receive blood from any type. Signup and view all the answers

What happens during a transfusion reaction with mismatched blood types?

The patient’s anti-A or anti-B antibodies attack the donor blood. Signup and view all the answers

In case of an emergency, what is the safest blood type to administer?

Type O− Signup and view all the answers

Which blood type can receive from type B and type O?

Type B Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of T cells in the immune system?

Killing grafted cells. Signup and view all the answers

How many different HLA antigens are there to choose from?

About 150. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following therapeutic agents inhibits interleukin-2?

Glucocorticoid hormones. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the antigen combinations in organ transplantation?

They influence the probability of graft rejection. Signup and view all the answers

Which of these cytokines is particularly important for T cell proliferation?

Interleukin-2. Signup and view all the answers

What ABO phenotypes could result from a mating between group A and group B individuals?

Group O, group A, group B, and group AB. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about immune suppression is true?

It involves suppressing the immune response to prevent rejection. Signup and view all the answers

How many antigen combinations can be formed with approximately 150 different HLA antigens?

More than a trillion. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Blood Components and Functions

Serum is the liquid portion of clotted blood, formed after coagulation factors are removed.
Agglutination refers to the clumping of cells, significant in blood transfusions where mismatched blood can cause acute hemolysis.

Blood Transfusion and Types

Mismatched blood transfusions can lead to immediate hemolysis of red blood cells (RBCs) via the complement system.
Blood typing involves "forward typing" (characterizing A and B antigens) and "reverse typing" (checking anti-A and anti-B antibodies in plasma).
Rh immunoglobulin (anti-D) reduces the risk of sensitization in Rh-negative mothers during pregnancy, preventing anemia in subsequent pregnancies.

Jaundice and Hemolysis

Elevated bilirubin levels can cause jaundice; however, normal liver function may prevent visible symptoms unless there’s significant hemolysis.

Emergency Transfusions

In emergencies, type O− (universal donor) blood can be used as it lacks A and B antigens, minimizing adverse reactions.
Type AB+ is recognized as the universal recipient, capable of receiving blood from all types.

Acute Kidney Failure

A severe complication from transfusion reactions is acute kidney failure, potentially leading to death within a week or two without intervention.

Organ and Tissue Transplantation

Autografts refer to transplants within the same individual, while isografts occur between genetically identical individuals (e.g., identical twins).
Immune suppression therapy is essential for successful transplants due to a multitude of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) combinations leading to graft rejection.

Therapeutic Agents

Glucocorticoids can be used to suppress the immune response by inhibiting cytokine production, particularly interleukin-2, crucial for T-cell proliferation and immune activation.

ABO Phenotypes

Possible offspring phenotypes from mating a group A with a group B individual can include A, B, AB, and O, depending on the specific genotypes of the parents.

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Description

This quiz explores the components of blood, particularly focusing on serum and the coagulation process. It covers key concepts like agglutination and acute hemolysis in transfusion reactions. Test your understanding of these critical aspects of blood science.